subject

in the language of the law of nations, which is always to be consulted in the interpretation of treaties, a person domiciled in a country, and enjoying the protection of its sovereign, is deemed a subject of that country. He owes allegiance to the country, while he resides in it; temporary, indeed, if he has not, by birth or naturalization, contracted a permanent allegiance; but so fixed that, as to all other nations, he follows the character of that country, in war as well as in peace.

In Scotch Law. The thing which Is the object of an agreement. In Governmental Law. An individual member of a nation, who is subject to the laws. This term is used in contradistinction to "citizen," which is applied to the same individual when considering his political rights. In monarchical governments, by "subject" is meant one who owes permanent allegiance to the monarch. See "Body Politic;" Greenl. Ev. § 286; Phil. Ev. 732, note 1.

An individual member of a nation, who Is subject to the laws. This term is used in contradistinction to citizen, which is applied to the same individual when considering his political rights. Ill monarchical governments, by subject is meant one who owes permanent allegiance to the monarch. Subject is a wider term than citizen; there are members of the state who, by reason of natural or conventional disability, do not enjoy full political rights. To a certain extent, alien residents within a state may be deemed subjects. See Pollock, First Book of Jurispr. 57. See Allegiance; Citizenship; Naturalization.

In logic. That concerning which the affirmation in a proposition is made; the first word in a proposition. An individual matter considored as the object of legislation. The constitutions of several of the states require that every act of the legislature shall relate to but one subject, which shall be expressed in the title of the statute. See Ex parte Thomas, 113 Ala. 1, 21 South. 369; In re Mayer, 50 N. Y. 504; State v. County Treasurer, 4 S. C. 528; Johnson v. Harrison. 47 Minn. 577, 50 N. W. 923, 28 Am. St Rep. 382.

In constitutional law. One that owes allegiance to a sovereign and is governed by his laws. The natives of Great Britain are subjects of the British government. Men in free governments are subjects as well as citizens; as citizens they enjoy rights and franchises; as subjects they are bound to obey the laws. Webster. The term is little used, in this sense, in countries enjoying a republican form of government. See The Pizarro, 2 Wheat. 245, 4 L. Ed, 226; U. S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U. S. 649, 18 Sup. Ct. 456, 42 In Ed. 890.

In Scotch law. The thing which is the object of an agreement.

That which constitutes the basis or ground work; a person who is under the power and protection of a government Subjectmatter: the matter under consideration or in dispute.

" 1, adj. See Under and Subject. Compare After; When. iL. s««iiu«, foolish, simple, silly; irresponsible. 2 2 Bl. Com. 294. > 1 Story, Eq. § 226. See also 4 Keut, 451; Owing's Case, 1 Bland Ch. 376-77 (1828). « Cremer v. Portland, 36 Wis, 96 (1874). 2, n. (1) The thing forming the groundwork; the basis; the matter in contract or in question. Subject-matter. The cause of action, i The thing or matter spoken of, written about, or legislated upon; the thing or object in controversy or dispute. The subject-inatter of litigation is the right which one party claims against the other, and demands the judgment of the court upon. 2 Section 3263 of the New York Code of CivU Procedure authorizes the allowance of extra costs in an action wherein rights of property are involved and a pecuniary value may be predicated of the subjectmatter involved. Held, that "subject-matter involved" refers simply to property or other valuable thing, the possession, ownership or title to which is to be determined by the action, and does not include other property although it may be directly or remotely affected by the result.^ See Mattek; Jurisdiction, 2; Title, 2, Of act. (2) One who owes obedience to the laws and is entitled to partake in the elections into public office.* See further Citizen.

n. An individual member of a nation, considered as owing obedience to its laws. republic; or, as Bouvier expresses nearly the same idea, the term is used of an individual member of a nation who is subject to the laws, in contradistinction to citizen, which is applied to the same individual when considering his political rights. Compare Citizen. Thus the supreme court has held that, in the Spanish treaty of 1795, the terms " subjects," " people," and " inhabitants " are indiscriminately used as synonymous. When applied to persons owing allegiance to Spain, " subjects " must be construed in the same sense as ' ' citizens " or " inhabitants," when applied to persons owing allegiance to the United States. The Pizarro, 2 Wheat. 227, 246.

contracts, is the thing which is the object of an agreement. This term is used in the laws Scotland.