19 U.S.C. § 2609
Section 2609 · Seizure and forfeiture
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 5 court decisions — leading case United States v. Ancient Coin Collectors Guild (2018)
Most recently applied in United States v. Ancient Coin Collectors Guild (August 2018)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Any designated archaeological or ethnological material or article of cultural property, as the case may be, which is imported into the United States in violation of section 2606 of this title or section 2607 of this title shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture. All provisions of law relating to seizure, forfeiture, and condemnation for violation of the customs laws shall apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been incurred, under this chapter, insofar as such provisions of law are applicable to, and not inconsistent with, the provisions of this chapter.
Any designated archaeological or ethnological material which is imported into the United States in violation of section 2606 of this title and which is forfeited to the United States under this chapter shall—
(1) first be offered for return to the State Party;
(2) if not returned to the State Party, be returned to a claimant with respect to whom the material was forfeited if that claimant establishes—
(A) valid title to the material,
(B) that the claimant is a bona fide purchaser for value of the material; or
(3) if not returned to the State Party under paragraph (1) or to a claimant under paragraph (2), be disposed of in the manner prescribed by law for articles forfeited for violation of the customs laws.
No return of material may be made under paragraph (1) or (2) unless the State Party or claimant, as the case may be, bears the expenses incurred incident to the return and delivery, and complies with such other requirements relating to the return as the Secretary shall prescribe.
(1) In any action for forfeiture under this section regarding an article of cultural property imported into the United States in violation of section 2607 of this title, if the claimant establishes valid title to the article, under applicable law, as against the institution from which the article was stolen, forfeiture shall not be decreed unless the State Party to which the article is to be returned pays the claimant just compensation for the article. In any action for forfeiture under this section where the claimant does not establish such title but establishes that it purchased the article for value without knowledge or reason to believe it was stolen, forfeiture shall not be decreed unless—
(A) the State Party to which the article is to be returned pays the claimant an amount equal to the amount which the claimant paid for the article, or
(B) the United States establishes that such State Party, as a matter of law or reciprocity, would in similar circumstances recover and return an article stolen from an institution in the United States without requiring the payment of compensation.
(2) Any article of cultural property which is imported into the United States in violation of section 2607 of this title and which is forfeited to the United States under this chapter shall—
(A) first be offered for return to the State Party in whose territory is situated the institution referred to in section 2607 of this title and shall be returned if that State Party bears the expenses incident to such return and delivery and complies with such other requirements relating to the return as the Secretary prescribes; or
(B) if not returned to such State Party, be disposed of in the manner prescribed by law for articles forfeited for violation of the customs laws.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
References in Text
The customs laws, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b)(3), and (c)(2)(B), are classified generally to this title.
Codification
Section 2607 of this title, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), was in the original “section 208”, and was translated as section 2607 of this title, which is section 308 of Pub. L. 97–446, as the probable intent of Congress.