2 U.S.C. § 454
Section 454 · Partial invalidity
This is § 404 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 8 court decisions — leading case Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Most recently applied in McConnell United States Senator et al. v. Federal Election Commission et al. (December 2003)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
If any provision of this Act, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the Act and the application of such provision to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
References in Text
This Act, referred to in text, means the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended, as defined by, section 431 of this title.