20 U.S.C. § 1232
Section 1232 · Regulations
Amended 9 times on record
Applied in 112 court decisions — leading case Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983)
Most recently applied in 141 Nev. Adv. Op. No. 58 - CLARK CNTY. SCHOOL DIST. v. DIST. CT. (ANGALIA B.) (November 2025)
Cases citing this section usually also cite 42 U.S.C. § 1983 · 20 U.S.C. § 1094 · 20 U.S.C. § 1681
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
For the purpose of this section, the term “regulation” means any generally applicable rule, regulation, guideline, interpretation, or other requirement that—
(1) is prescribed by the Secretary or the Department; and
(2) has legally binding effect in connection with, or affecting, the provision of financial assistance under any applicable program.
Regulations shall contain, immediately following each substantive provision of such regulations, citations to the particular section or sections of statutory law or other legal authority on which such provision is based.
All regulations shall be uniformly applied and enforced throughout the 50 States.
The exemption for public property, loans, grants and benefits in section 553(a)(2) of title 5 shall apply only to regulations—
(1) that govern the first grant competition under a new or substantially revised program authority as determined by the Secretary; or
(2) where the Secretary determines that the requirements of this subsection will cause extreme hardship to the intended beneficiaries of the program affected by such regulations.
Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of any Act, or any portion of any Act, affecting the administration of any applicable program, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate a schedule in accordance with which the Secretary plans to promulgate final regulations that the Secretary determines are necessary to implement such Act or portion of such Act. Such schedule shall provide that all such final regulations shall be promulgated within 360 days after the date of enactment of such Act or portion of such Act.
Concurrently with the publication of any final regulations, the Secretary shall transmit a copy of such final regulations to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Prior Provisions
A prior section 437 of Pub. L. 90 247 was renumbered section 443, and is classified to section 1232f of this title.
Another prior section 437 of Pub. L. 90 247 was renumbered section 406A, and was classified to section 1221e 1a of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103 382.
Another prior section 437 of Pub. L. 90 247 was renumbered section 447, and was classified to section 1233f of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103 382.
Amendments
1994—Pub. L. 103 437, which directed that section 431(b)(2)(B), (d)(2), and (g) of Pub. L. 90 247 be amended by substituting “Labor and Human Resources” for “Labor and Public Welfare”, could not be executed because this section, which was section 431 of Pub. L. 90 247, was renumbered section 437 and amended generally by Pub. L. 103 382.
Pub. L. 103 382, §247, amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (g) relating to promulgation of regulations by Secretary, and their publication, application, disapproval by Congress, and modification subsequent to disapproval.
1981—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 97 35 substituted “final regulation (except expected family contribution schedules and any amendments thereto promulgated pursuant to sections 1078(a)(2)(D) and (E) and 1089(a)(1) of this title) as required” for “final regulation as required”.
1980—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 96 374 inserted “, in whole or in part” after “disapprove such final regulation”.
1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(a), added par. (1), designated existing provisions which constituted entire subsec. (a) as par. (2) and, as so redesignated, struck out applicability to rules, guidelines, interpretations, or orders.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(b)(1), substituted “proposed regulation” for “standard, rule, regulation, or requirement of general applicability”.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(b)(2), substituted “regulation” for “standard, rule, regulation, or general requirement” in two places.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(c), struck out applicability to rules, guidelines, interpretations, or orders.
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(d)(1), (2), struck out applicability to standards, rules, requirements, or requirements of general applicability.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(d)(3), substituted “regulation” for “standard, rule, regulation, or requirement” wherever appearing.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(e), substituted “regulation” for “standard, rule, regulation, or requirement” wherever appearing and “final regulation” for “proposed standard, rule, regulation, or requirement of general applicability”.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 94 482, §405(f), substituted “final regulations” for “rules, regulations, and guidelines” wherever appearing.
1975—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 94 142, §7(a)(1), (b), inserted “final” before “standard” wherever appearing in existing provisions and inserted provisions covering the effect of the failure of Congress to adopt the concurrent resolution with respect to any final standard, rule, regulation, or requirement.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 94 142, §7(a)(2), (3), substituted “objection to the final standard” for “objection to the proposed standard”, “effective date of the final standard” for “effective date of the standard”, and “In no event shall the final standard” for “In no event shall the standard”.
1974—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93 380, §509(a)(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).
Subsecs. (d) to (g). Pub. L. 93 380, §509(a)(2), added subsecs. (d) to (g).
Change of Name
Committee on Education and Labor of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.
Effective Date of 1981 Amendment
Section 540(a) of Pub. L. 97 35 provided that the amendment made by Pub. L. 97 35 is effective Oct. 1, 1981.
Effective Date of 1980 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 96 374 effective Oct. 1, 1980, see section 1393(a) of Pub. L. 96 374, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.
Effective Date of 1976 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 94 482 effective 30 days after Oct. 12, 1976, except either as specifically otherwise provided or, if not so specifically otherwise provided, effective July 1, 1976, for those amendments providing for authorization of appropriations, see section 532 of Pub. L. 94 482, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.
Effective Date of 1975 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 94 142 effective Nov. 29, 1975, see section 8(b) of Pub. L. 94 142, set out as a note under section 1411 of this title.
Effective Date of 1974 Amendment
Section 509(b) of Pub. L. 93 380 provided that: “The amendment made by paragraph (2) of subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be effective on the date of enactment of this [Aug. 21, 1974] and shall be effective with respect to the provisions of this Act [see Short Title note set out under section 821 of this title].”
Study and Report on Rules and Regulations
Pub. L. 92 318, title V, §503, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 346, provided for a study by the Commissioner of all rules, regulations, etc., in connection with the administration of any program to which the General Education Provisions Act [this chapter] applies, with a report to be submitted to Congress not later than one year after June 23, 1972. Such section further mandated the publication of all rules, regulations, etc., in the Federal Register not later than 60 days after submission of such report, followed by a public hearing on such matters within the 60 day period following such publication. Such section then required a subsequent report to the relevant Congressional Committees on such hearings, and a republication of all rules and regulations in the Federal Register, such republished rules, etc., to supercede all preceding rules and regulations.