20 U.S.C. § 1712
Section 1712 · Formulating remedies; applicability
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 8 court decisions — leading case 231 Ill. 2d 184 - Bd. of Educ., Joliet Tp. v. Bd. of Educ. (2008)
Most recently applied in Issa v. School District of Lancaster (January 2017)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
In formulating a remedy for a denial of equal educational opportunity or a denial of the equal protection of the laws, a court, department, or agency of the United States shall seek or impose only such remedies as are essential to correct particular denials of equal educational opportunity or equal protection of the laws.