28 U.S.C. § 1451
Section 1451 · Definitions
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 29 court decisions — leading case United States v. Stewart (1997)
Most recently applied in Clinton Eldridge v. Catricia Howard (June 2023)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
For purposes of this chapter—
(1) The term “State court” includes the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
(2) The term “State” includes the District of Columbia.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Effective Date
Section effective first day of seventh calendar month which begins after July 29, 1970, see section 199(a) of Pub. L. 91–358, set out as an Effective Date of 1970 Amendment note under section 1257 of this title.