33 U.S.C. § 3203
Section 3203 · Tsunami forecasting and warning program
Current version, with additions and removals from the January 12, 2007 version.
The Administrator, through the National Weather Service and in consultation with other relevant Administration offices, shall operate a program to provide tsunami detection, forecasting, and warnings for the Pacific and Arctic Ocean regions and for the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico region.
The program under this section shall—
(1) include the tsunami warning centers established under subsection (d);
(2) utilize and maintain an array of robust tsunami detection technologies;
(3) maintain detection equipment in operational condition to fulfill the detection, forecasting, and warning requirements of this chapter;
(4) provide tsunami forecasting capability based on models and measurements, including tsunami inundation models and maps for use in increasing the preparedness of communities, including through the TsunamiReady program;
(5) maintain data quality and management systems to support the requirements of the program;
(6) include a cooperative effort among the Administration, the United States Geological Survey, and the National Science Foundation under which the Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation shall provide rapid and reliable seismic information to the Administration from international and domestic seismic networks;
(7) provide a capability for the dissemination of warnings to at-risk States and tsunami communities through rapid and reliable notification to government officials and the public, including utilization of and coordination with existing Federal warning systems, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Radio All Hazards Program;
(8) allow, as practicable, for integration of tsunami detection technologies with other environmental observing technologies; and
(9) include any technology the Administrator considers appropriate to fulfill the objectives of the program under this section.
The program under this section shall operate—
(1) a Pacific tsunami warning system capable of forecasting tsunami anywhere in the Pacific and Arctic Ocean regions and providing adequate warnings; and
(2) an Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico tsunami warning system capable of forecasting tsunami and providing adequate warnings in areas of the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico that are determined—
(A) to be geologically active, or to have significant potential for geological activity; and
(B) to pose significant risks of tsunami for States along the coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, or Gulf of Mexico.
(1) In general
The Administrator, through the National Weather Service, shall maintain or establish—
(A) a Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii;
(B) a West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center in Alaska; and
(C) any additional forecast and warning centers determined by the National Weather Service to be necessary.
(2) Responsibilities
The responsibilities of each tsunami warning center shall include—
(A) continuously monitoring data from seismological, deep ocean, and tidal monitoring stations;
(B) evaluating earthquakes that have the potential to generate tsunami;
(C) evaluating deep ocean buoy data and tidal monitoring stations for indications of tsunami resulting from earthquakes and other sources;
(D) disseminating forecasts and tsunami warning bulletins to Federal, State, and local government officials and the public;
(E) coordinating with the tsunami hazard mitigation program described in section 3204 of this title to ensure ongoing sharing of information between forecasters and emergency management officials; and
(F) making data gathered under this chapter and post-warning analyses conducted by the National Weather Service or other relevant Administration offices available to researchers.
(1) In general
In carrying out this section, the National Weather Service, in consultation with other relevant Administration offices, shall—
(A) develop requirements for the equipment used to forecast tsunami, which shall include provisions for multipurpose detection platforms, reliability and performance metrics, and to the maximum extent practicable how the equipment will be integrated with other United States and global ocean and coastal observation systems, the global earth observing system of systems, global seismic networks, and the Advanced National Seismic System;
(B) develop and execute a plan for the transfer of technology from ongoing research described in section 3205 of this title into the program under this section; and
(C) ensure that maintaining operational tsunami detection equipment is the highest priority within the program carried out under this chapter.
(2) Report to Congress
(A) Not later than 1 year after January 12, 2007, the National Weather Service, in consultation with other relevant Administration offices, shall transmit to Congress a report on how the tsunami forecast system under this section will be integrated with other United States and global ocean and coastal observation systems, the global earth observing system of systems, global seismic networks, and the Advanced National Seismic System.
(B) Not later than 3 years after January 12, 2007, the National Weather Service, in consultation with other relevant Administration offices, shall transmit a report to Congress on how technology developed under section 3205 of this title is being transferred into the program under this section.
When deploying and maintaining tsunami detection technologies, the Administrator shall seek the assistance and assets of other appropriate Federal agencies.
At the same time Congress receives the budget justification documents in support of the President's annual budget request for each fiscal year, the Administrator shall transmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives a certification that—
(1) identifies the tsunami detection equipment deployed pursuant to this chapter, as of December 31 of the preceding calendar year;
(2) certifies which equipment is operational as of December 31 of the preceding calendar year;
(3) in the case of any piece of such equipment that is not operational as of such date, identifies that equipment and describes the mitigation strategy that is in place—
(A) to repair or replace that piece of equipment within a reasonable period of time; or
(B) to otherwise ensure adequate tsunami detection coverage;
(4) identifies any equipment that is being developed or constructed to carry out this chapter but which has not yet been deployed, if the Administration has entered into a contract for that equipment prior to December 31 of the preceding calendar year, and provides a schedule for the deployment of that equipment; and
(5) certifies that the Administrator expects the equipment described in paragraph (4) to meet the requirements, cost, and schedule provided in that contract.
The Administrator shall notify the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives within 30 days of—
(1) impaired regional forecasting capabilities due to equipment or system failures; and
(2) significant contractor failures or delays in completing work associated with the tsunami forecasting and warning system.
Not later than January 31, 2010, the Comptroller General of the United States shall transmit a report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives that—
(1) evaluates the current status of the tsunami detection, forecasting, and warning system and the tsunami hazard mitigation program established under this chapter, including progress toward tsunami inundation mapping of all coastal areas vulnerable to tsunami and whether there has been any degradation of services as a result of the expansion of the program;
(2) evaluates the National Weather Service's ability to achieve continued improvements in the delivery of tsunami detection, forecasting, and warning services by assessing policies and plans for the evolution of modernization systems, models, and computational abilities (including the adoption of new technologies); and
(3) lists the contributions of funding or other resources to the program by other Federal agencies, particularly agencies participating in the program.
The Administrator shall enter into an arrangement with the National Academy of Sciences to review the tsunami detection, forecast, and warning program established under this chapter to assess further modernization and coverage needs, as well as long-term operational reliability issues, taking into account measures implemented under this chapter. The review shall also include an assessment of how well the forecast equipment has been integrated into other United States and global ocean and coastal observation systems and the global earth observing system of systems. Not later than 2 years after January 12, 2007, the Administrator shall transmit a report containing the National Academy of Sciences’ recommendations, the Administrator's responses to the recommendations, including those where the Administrator disagrees with the Academy, a timetable to implement the accepted recommendations, and the cost of implementing all the Academy's recommendations, to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives.
Not later than 3 months after January 12, 2007, the Administrator shall establish a process for monitoring and certifying contractor performance in carrying out the requirements of any contract to construct or deploy tsunami detection equipment, including procedures and penalties to be imposed in cases of significant contractor failure or negligence.
The Administrator, through the National Weather Service and in consultation with other relevant Administration offices, shall operate a program to provide tsunami detection, forecasting, and warnings for the Pacific and Arctic Ocean regions and for the Atlantic Ocean region, including the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.
The program under this section shall—
include the tsunami warning centers supported or maintained under subsection (d);
to the degree practicable, maintain not less than 80 percent of the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis buoy array at operational capacity to optimize data reliability;
utilize and maintain an array of robust tsunami detection technologies;
maintain detection equipment in operational condition to fulfill the detection, forecasting, and warning requirements of this chapter;
provide tsunami forecasting capability based on models and measurements, including tsunami inundation models and maps for use in increasing the preparedness of communities and safeguarding port and harbor operations, that incorporate inputs, including—
the United States and global ocean and coastal observing system;
the global Earth observing system;
the global seismic network;
the Advanced National Seismic system;
tsunami model validation using historical and paleotsunami data;
digital elevation models and bathymetry; and
newly developing tsunami detection methodologies using satellites and airborne remote sensing;
maintain data quality and management systems to support the requirements of the program;
include a cooperative effort among the Administration, the United States Geological Survey, and the National Science Foundation under which the Director of the United States Geological Survey and the Director of the National Science Foundation shall—
provide rapid and reliable seismic information to the Administrator from international and domestic seismic networks; and
support seismic stations installed before April 18, 2017, to supplement coverage in areas of sparse instrumentation;
provide a capability for the dissemination of warnings, including graphical warning products, to at-risk States, territories, and tsunami communities through rapid and reliable notification to government officials and the public, including utilization of and coordination with existing Federal warning systems, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Radio All Hazards Program and Wireless Emergency Alerts;
provide and allow, as practicable, for integration of tsunami detection technologies with other environmental observing technologies and commercial and Federal undersea communications cables; and
include any technology the Administrator considers appropriate to fulfill the objectives of the program under this section.
The program under this section shall operate a tsunami warning system that—
is capable of forecasting tsunami, including forecasting tsunami arrival time and inundation estimates, anywhere in the Pacific and Arctic Ocean regions and providing adequate warnings;
is capable of forecasting and providing adequate warnings, including tsunami arrival time and inundation models where applicable, in areas of the Atlantic Ocean, including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, that are determined—
to be geologically active, or to have significant potential for geological activity; and
to pose significant risks of tsunami for States along the coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, or Gulf of Mexico; and
supports other international tsunami forecasting and warning efforts.
The Administrator shall support or maintain centers to support the tsunami warning system required by subsection (c). The Centers shall include—
the National Tsunami Warning Center, located in Alaska, which is primarily responsible for Alaska and the continental United States;
the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located in Hawaii, which is primarily responsible for Hawaii, the Caribbean, and other areas of the Pacific not covered by the National Center; and
any additional forecast and warning centers determined by the National Weather Service to be necessary.
The responsibilities of the centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1) shall include the following:
Continuously monitoring data from seismological, deep ocean, coastal sea level, and tidal monitoring stations and other data sources as may be developed and deployed.
Evaluating earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions that have the potential to generate tsunami.
Evaluating deep ocean buoy data and tidal monitoring stations for indications of tsunami resulting from earthquakes and other sources.
To the extent practicable, utilizing a range of models, including ensemble models, to predict tsunami, including arrival times, flooding estimates, coastal and harbor currents, and duration.
Using data from the Integrated Ocean Observing System of the Administration in coordination with regional associations to calculate new inundation estimates and periodically update existing inundation estimates.
Disseminating forecasts and tsunami warning bulletins to Federal, State, tribal, and local government officials and the public.
Coordinating with the tsunami hazard mitigation program conducted under section 3204 of this title to ensure ongoing sharing of information between forecasters and emergency management officials.
In coordination with the Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, evaluating and recommending procedures for ports and harbors at risk of tsunami inundation, including review of readiness, response, and communication strategies, and data sharing policies, to the maximum extent practicable.
Making data gathered under this chapter and post-warning analyses conducted by the National Weather Service or other relevant Administration offices available to the public.
Integrating and modernizing the program operated under this section with advances in tsunami science to improve performance without compromising service.
The tsunami warning centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1) shall maintain a fail-safe warning capability and perform back-up duties for each other.
The Administrator shall coordinate with the forecast offices of the National Weather Service, the centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1), and such program offices of the Administration as the Administrator or the coordinating committee, as established in section 3204(d) 1 of this title, consider appropriate to ensure that regional and local forecast offices—
have the technical knowledge and capability to disseminate tsunami warnings for the communities they serve;
leverage connections with local emergency management officials for optimally disseminating tsunami warnings and forecasts; and
implement mass communication tools in effect on the day before April 18, 2017, used by the National Weather Service on such date and newer mass communication technologies as they are developed as a part of the Weather-Ready Nation program of the Administration, or otherwise, for the purpose of timely and effective delivery of tsunami warnings.
The Administrator shall—
develop uniform operational procedures for the centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1), including the use of software applications, checklists, decision support tools, and tsunami warning products that have been standardized across the program supported under this section;
ensure that processes and products of the warning system operated under subsection (c)—
reflect industry best practices when practicable;
conform to the maximum extent practicable with internationally recognized standards for information technology; and
conform to the maximum extent practicable with other warning products and practices of the National Weather Service;
ensure that future adjustments to operational protocols, processes, and warning products—
are made consistently across the warning system operated under subsection (c); and
are applied in a uniform manner across such warning system;
establish a systematic method for information technology product development to improve long-term technology planning efforts; and
disseminate guidelines and metrics for evaluating and improving tsunami forecast models.
The Administrator, through the National Weather Service, shall ensure that resources are available to fulfill the obligations of this chapter. This includes ensuring supercomputing resources are available to run, as rapidly as possible, such computer models as are needed for purposes of the tsunami warning system operated under subsection (c).
In carrying out this section, the Administrator shall—
develop requirements for the equipment used to forecast tsunami, including—
provisions for multipurpose detection platforms;
reliability and performance metrics; and
to the maximum extent practicable, requirements for the integration of equipment with other United States and global ocean and coastal observation systems, the global Earth observing system of systems, the global seismic networks, and the Advanced National Seismic System;
develop and execute a plan for the transfer of technology from ongoing research conducted as part of the program supported or maintained under section 3205 of this title into the program under this section; and
ensure that the Administration’s operational tsunami detection equipment is properly maintained.
When deploying and maintaining tsunami detection technologies under the program under this section, the Administrator shall—
identify which assets of other Federal agencies are necessary to support such program; and
work with each agency identified under paragraph (1)—
to acquire the agency’s assistance; and
to prioritize the necessary assets in support of the tsunami forecast and warning program.
The Administrator shall notify the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives within 30 days of—
impaired regional forecasting capabilities due to equipment or system failures;
significant contractor failures or delays in completing work associated with the tsunami forecasting and warning system; and
the occurrence of a significant tsunami warning.
In a case in which notice is submitted under paragraph (1) within 30 days of a significant tsunami warning described in subparagraph (C) of such paragraph, such notice shall include, as appropriate, brief information and analysis of—
the accuracy of the tsunami model used;
the specific deep ocean or other monitoring equipment that detected the incident, as well as the deep ocean or other monitoring equipment that did not detect the incident due to malfunction or other reasons;
the effectiveness of the warning communication, including the dissemination of warnings with State, territory, local, and tribal partners in the affected area under the jurisdiction of the National Weather Service; and
such other findings as the Administrator considers appropriate.
1 So in original. Probably should be “section 3204(b)”.