42 U.S.C. § 12189
Section 12189 · Examinations and courses
This is § 309 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 48 court decisions — leading case PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001)
Most recently applied in Brian James Albert v. Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists, LLC (March 2025)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Any person that offers examinations or courses related to applications, licensing, certification, or credentialing for secondary or postsecondary education, professional, or trade purposes shall offer such examinations or courses in a place and manner accessible to persons with disabilities or offer alternative accessible arrangements for such individuals.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Effective Date
Section effective 18 months after July 26, 1990, see section 310(a) of Pub. L. 101–336, set out as a note under section 12181 of this title.