42 U.S.C. § 2000E
Section 2000e · Effect on State laws
This is § 708 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 149 court decisions — leading case Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc. (1983)
Most recently applied in Lowe v. Mills (May 2023)
Cases citing this section usually also cite 42 U.S.C. § 2000E · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Nothing in this subchapter shall be deemed to exempt or relieve any person from any liability, duty, penalty, or punishment provided by any present or future law of any State or political subdivision of a State, other than any such law which purports to require or permit the doing of any act which would be an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter.