42 U.S.C. § 2991
Section 2991 · Short title
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 10 court decisions — leading case Rice v. Cayetano (2000)
Most recently applied in 342 F. Supp. 2d 147 - In Re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether ("MTBE") Products Liability Litigation (March 2004)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
This subchapter may be cited as the “Native American Programs Act of 1974”.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Prior Provisions
A prior section 2991, Pub. L. 88–452, title VIII, §801, as added Pub. L. 89–794, title VIII, §801. Nov. 8, 1966, 80 Stat. 1472; amended Pub. L. 90–222, title I, §110, Dec. 23, 1967, 81 Stat. 722; Pub. L. 92–424, §26(a), Sept. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 703, related to Congressional statement of purpose, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 93–113, title VI, §603, Oct. 1, 1973, 87 Stat. 417. See section 4951 of this title.
Short Title of 1992 Amendments
Pub. L. 102–524, §1, Oct. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 3434, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2991b–3 of this title and amending section 2992d of this title], other than section 4 [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2001 of Title 25, Indians], may be cited as the ‘Native American Languages Act of 1992’.”
Pub. L. 102–375, title VIII, §821, Sept. 30, 1992, 106 Stat. 1295, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle C (§§821, 822) of title VIII of Pub. L. 102–375, enacting sections 2991b–2, 2991c, 2992–1, 2992a–1, and 2992b of this title, amending sections 2991a to 2991b–1, 2991d to 2992, 2992c, and 2992d of this title, and repealing former sections 2991c and 2992b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Native American Programs Act Amendments of 1992’.”
Short Title of 1990 Amendment
Pub. L. 101–408, §1, Oct. 4, 1990, 104 Stat. 883, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 2991b and 2992d of this title] may be cited as the ‘Indian Environmental Regulatory Enhancement Act of 1990’.”
Short Title of 1987 Amendment
Pub. L. 100–175, title V, §501, Nov. 29, 1987, 101 Stat. 973, provided that: “This title [enacting sections 2991b–1, 2991d–1 and 2992b–1 of this title and amending sections 2991a, 2991b, 2991d–1, 2991f, 2992c, and 2992d of this title] may be cited as the ‘Native American Programs Act Amendments of 1987’.”
Short Title of 1984 Amendment
Pub. L. 98–558, title X, §1001, Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2905, provided that: “This title [amending sections 2991b, 2992b to 2992d of this title] may be cited as the ‘Native American Programs Act Amendments of 1984’.”