42 U.S.C. § 7523
Section 7523 · Actions to restrain violations
Amended 5 times on record
Applied in 6 court decisions — leading case United States v. Holtzman (1985)
Most recently applied in State ex rel. Yost v. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaf (Slip Opinion) (June 2021)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to restrain violations of section 7522(a) of this title.
Actions to restrain such violations shall be brought by and in the name of the United States. In any such action, subpenas for witnesses who are required to attend a district court in any district may run into any other district.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Codification
Section was formerly classified to section 1857f–3 of this title.
Amendments
1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–95 struck out “paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4)” after “restrain violations of”.
1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–604 inserted reference to par. (4) of section 7522(a) of this title.
1967—Pub. L. 90–148 reenacted section without change.
Effective Date of 1977 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–95 effective Aug. 7, 1977, except as otherwise expressly provided, see section 406(d) of Pub. L. 95–95, set out as a note under section 7401 of this title.
Pending Actions and Proceedings
Suits, actions, and other proceedings lawfully commenced by or against the Administrator or any other officer or employee of the United States in his official capacity or in relation to the discharge of his official duties under act July 14, 1955, the Clean Air Act, as in effect immediately prior to the enactment of Pub. L. 95–95 [Aug. 7, 1977], not to abate by reason of the taking effect of Pub. L. 95–95, see section 406(a) of Pub. L. 95–95, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 amendment note under section 7401 of this title.