8 U.S.C. § 31
Section 31 · 31, 32. Transferred
Applied in 13 court decisions — leading case Rice v. Elmore (1947)
Most recently applied in Vote.Org v. Paxton (December 2023)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.