Jackson v. Vasquez

¶4CANBY, Circuit Judge:

¶5BACKGROUND

¶6Michael Jackson is a California condemned prisoner at San Quentin State Prison. After receiving from the federal district court a number of stays of execution to allow him time to prepare a habeas corpus petition, Jackson filed an ex parte request for an order compelling Daniel Vasquez, warden of the prison, to transport Jackson to the University of California at Irvine, College of Medicine, so that Jackson could undergo a brain scan.

¶7Without giving the Warden notice of the request or an opportunity to respond, the district court issued the order and sealed Jackson’s pleadings. The order requires the Warden to transport Jackson to the medical facility at Irvine, to remain with Jackson while the brain scan is administered and to *887return Jackson to San Quentin. The order provides that the Warden will bear the costs of transporting, housing and guarding Jackson during the trip.

¶8The Warden filed a motion to vacate the order, which the district court denied after a hearing on the matter. The Warden then filed a series of motions and objections seeking to vacate the order and to unseal Jackson’s pleadings, but the district court denied all such relief.

¶9At the Warden’s request, we issued an emergency stay of the transportation order. While the Warden’s appeal of the order was pending, Jackson asked the district court to reissue the transportation order, setting a new date for compliance. The district court granted Jackson’s request and we subsequently stayed that order. The Warden challenges both the original and the reissued orders in this appeal.

¶10DISCUSSION

¶11This appeal presents the question whether the district court has the authority to issue, upon a potential habeas corpus petitioner’s ex parte request, a coercive order against a warden requiring him to transport a prisoner for medical tests. Before reaching that question, however, we must determine whether we have jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.

¶12I. JURISDICTION

¶13Section 1291 of the Judicial Code gives the appeals courts jurisdiction over “all final decisions of the district courts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1966). Ordinarily, a decision is not considered final unless it “‘ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.’ ” Gulf stream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp., 485 U.S. 271, 275, 108 S.Ct. 1133, 1136, 99 L.Ed.2d 296 (1988) (quoting Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233, 65 S.Ct. 631, 633, 89 L.Ed. 911 (1945)). The district court’s transportation order does not end any litigation on the merits and therefore is not final in this sense.

¶14Under the collateral order doctrine, however, orders that “ ‘finally determine claims of right separable from, and collateral to, rights asserted in the action, too important to be denied review and too independent of the cause itself to require that appellate consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated’” are considered final, and therefore appealable under section 1291, even though they do not terminate an action or any part of it. Id.108 S.Ct. at 276, 108 S.Ct. at 275 (discussing Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546-47, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 1225-26, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949)); see generally, 15A Charles Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure, § 3911 (1992).

¶15To be appealable under the collateral order doctrine, the district court’s transportation order must satisfy three criteria. First, it must conclusively determine the disputed question. Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 2457, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978). Second, it must resolve an important issue that is completely separate from the merits of the action. Id.Third, it must be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. Id.The district court’s order satisfies these criteria.

¶16An order conclusively determines a matter in dispute if it is “ ‘made with the expectation that [it] will be the final word on the subject addressed.’ ” Gulf stream Aerospace, 485 U.S. at 276, 108 S.Ct. at 1137 (quoting Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 12 n. 14, 103 S.Ct. 927, 935 n. 14, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983)). An order does not conclusively determine a disputed matter, on the other hand, if it is “inherently tentative,” id.(quoting Coopers & Lybrand, 437 U.S. at 469, 98 S.Ct. at 2458), that is, if “a district court ordinarily would expect to reassess and revise such an order in response to events occurring ‘in the ordinary course of litigation.’ ” Id.(quoting Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 13 n. 14, 103 S.Ct. at 935). The transportation order conclusively determines the question whether Jackson is entitled to be transported by the Warden for a brain scan *888preparatory to Jackson’s filing a petition for habeas corpus. The district court could not revisit the question at some later stage in the habeas proceedings after the Warden had complied with the order.

¶17The transportation order also resolves an important .issue that is completely separate from the merits of the underlying action. The decision that the Warden appeals here is the district court’s determination that it possessed the legal authority to issue the transportation order. The Warden’s claims present pure questions of law that can be reviewed without reference to the merits of Jackson’s habeas corpus petition. The transportation order is not a mere step toward final disposition of Jackson’s claims, but rather it “ ‘plainly presents an important issue separate from the merits’ ” of the habe-as petition. Gulfstream Aerospace, 485 U.S. at 277, 108 S.Ct. at 1137 (quoting Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 12, 103 S.Ct. at 935); see also Cohen, 337 U.S. at 546, 69 S.Ct. at 1225.

¶18Finally, the transportation order will evade effective review on appeal of the decision on Jackson’s petition for habeas corpus. Regardless of the district court’s disposition of the habeas petition, the Warden will not be able to show, on appeal from the final decision, that he was unfairly prejudiced in the habeas proceedings as a result of his compliance.

¶19The transportation order satisfies the three elements of the collateral order doctrine. Accordingly, we conclude that we have jurisdiction over the Warden’s appeal.1

¶20II. THE DISTRICT COURT’S AUTHORITY TO ISSUE THE ORDER

¶21Jackson maintains that 21 U.S.C. § 848(q) empowers the district court to compel the Warden to transport Jackson, at state expense, for medical tests. We disagree.

¶22Section 848(q) is a funding statute. It provides for the appointment of attorneys and the furnishing of investigative services for defendants or habeas corpus petitioners seeking to vacate or set aside a death sentence. 21 U.S.C. § 848(q)(9) (Supp.1993).2 It permits district courts to disburse federal funds on an ex parte showing that the funds are reasonably necessary for adequate representation. Ex parte proceedings to determine whether funds should be disbursed are appropriate, because the reasonableness of a request for funds is likely to depend on the strategy of the defense, which must be revealed to the court but not the prosecution.

¶23We do not believe, however, that section 848(q) authorizes the district court to issue, upon a petitioner’s ex parte request, a coercive order against a state official. The statute directs the court to authorize the defendant’s attorneys to obtain investigative, expert or other services on behalf of the defendant; it does not empower the district court to compel action from a state official. Nor is it appropriate to issue a coercive final order without notice or hearing, upon an ex parte application with a sealed record. The transportation order falls beyond the pale of section 848(q).

¶24We also reject Jackson’s suggestion that the transportation order is warranted by *889the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a) (1966).3 “The All Writs Act is not a grant of plenary power to the federal courts. Rather, it is designed to aid the courts in the exercise of their jurisdiction.” Plum Creek Lumber Co. v. Hutton, 608 F.2d 1283, 1289 (9th Cir. 1979). An order is not authorized under the Act unless it is designed to preserve jurisdiction that the court has acquired from some other independent source in law.

¶25Jackson has failed to demonstrate any independent source of jurisdiction in aid of which the transportation order issued. We will not permit Jackson to use the All Writs Act to enlarge the power of the district court. See Pennsylvania Bureau of Correction v. United States Marshals Serv., 474 U.S. 34, 43, 106 S.Ct. 355, 361, 88 L.Ed.2d 189 (1985).4

¶26We need not decide whether, upon proper notice and motion at a proper stage in the habeas corpus proceedings, the district court is empowered to issue an order requiring a state official to transport a prisoner for medical examinations that are necessary to the petitioner’s case. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 35; Rule 6, Rules Governing § 2254 cases, 28 U.S.C. Foil. § 2254 (1977). We simply conclude that the ex parte fund disbursement procedures of section 848(q) do not support the district court’s transportation order against the Warden.5

¶27The district court’s orders directing Warden Vasquez to transport Jackson to the medical facility at the University of California at Irvine are VACATED.