18 U.S.C. § 3651
Section 3651 · 3651 to 3656. Repealed or Renumbered. Pub. L. 98473, title II, 212(a)(1), (2), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987]
Applied in 828 court decisions — leading case United States v. Addonizio (1979)
Most recently applied in Villiers v. Decker (April 2022)
Applied most in the Ninth Circuit Circuit (145 decisions)
Cases citing this section usually also cite 28 U.S.C. § 2255 · 18 U.S.C. § 3663 · 18 U.S.C. § 1341
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
Section 3651, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 842; June 20, 1958, Pub. L. 85–463, § 1, 72 Stat. 216; Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–741, 72 Stat. 834; Oct. 22, 1970, Pub. L. 91–492, § 1, 84 Stat. 1090; May 11, 1972, Pub. L. 92–293, § 1, 86 Stat. 136; Oct. 27, 1978, Pub. L. 95–537, § 2, 92 Stat. 2038; Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 235(a)(1), 238 (b), (c), (i), 98 Stat. 2031, 2038, 2039; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, §§ 4, 12 (a)(2), (3), (9), (b), 98 Stat. 3136, 3139, 3140, related to suspension of sentence and probation. Section 3652, act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 842, related to probation(Rule). Section 3653, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 842; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, 56, 63 Stat. 96, related to report of probation officer and arrest of probationer. Section 3654, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 843; Aug. 2, 1949, ch. 383, 2, 63 Stat. 491, related to appointment and removal of probation officers. Section 3655, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 843; Mar. 15, 1976, Pub. L. 94–233, § 14, 90 Stat. 233; Oct. 12, 1984, Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §§ 235(a)(1), 238 (d), (i), 98 Stat. 2031, 2038, 2039; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, §§ 5, 12 (a)(4), (9), (b), 98 Stat. 3136, 3139, 3140, related to duties of probation officers. Section 3656 renumbered section 3672 of this title.