FILED
IN THE OFFICE OF THE
CLERK OF SUPREME COURT
OCTOBER 28, 2021
STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA
IN THE SUPREME COURT
STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA
2021 ND 195
James Richard Kremer, Petitioner and Appellant
v.
State of North Dakota, Respondent and Appellee
No. 20210154
Appeal from the District Court of Ward County, North Central Judicial
District, the Honorable Douglas L. Mattson, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
Opinion of the Court by Tufte, Justice.
Kiara C. Kraus-Parr, Grand Forks, N.D., for petitioner and appellant.
Christopher W. Nelson, Assistant State’s Attorney, Minot, N.D., for respondent
and appellee.
Kremer v. State
No. 20210154
Tufte, Justice.
[¶1] James Kremer appeals from an order granting summary dismissal of his
application for postconviction relief. We affirm the order, concluding Kremer’s
claims are barred by the two-year statute of limitations.
I
[¶2] In February 2016, Kremer pled guilty to three counts of possession of
certain materials prohibited. He filed an appeal to this Court, but he later
withdrew his appeal. In July 2018, Kremer filed his first application for
postconviction relief, arguing that “he received ineffective assistance of counsel
and the court ‘did not inform [him] of the possibility of restitution, did not
ensure that [his] plea was voluntary, did not obtain a factual basis for the plea,
and did not get any acknowledgement by [Kremer] regarding the facts.’”
Kremer v. State, 2020 ND 132, ¶ 4,
945 N.W.2d 279. The district court denied
relief, and we affirmed. Id. at ¶ 23.
[¶3] In January 2021, Kremer filed a second application for postconviction
relief, arguing ineffective assistance of counsel, actual innocence, prosecutorial
misconduct, invalid guilty plea, and an illegal search and seizure leading to his
conviction. The State filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that his application for
postconviction relief was untimely and that his claims are further barred by
res judicata. The district court granted the State’s motion and summarily
denied his application.
II
[¶4] “A petitioner must file an application for post-conviction relief within two
years of the date the conviction becomes final.” State v. Shipton, 2019 ND 188,
¶ 5,
931 N.W.2d 220 (citing N.D.C.C. § 29-32.1-01(2)).
A conviction becomes final . . . when:
a. The time for appeal of the conviction to the North Dakota
supreme court expires;
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b. If an appeal was taken to the North Dakota supreme court, the
time for petitioning the United States supreme court for review
expires; or
c. If review was sought in the United States supreme court, the
date the supreme court issues a final order in the case.
Moe v. State, 2015 ND 93, ¶ 9,
862 N.W.2d 510. There are three exceptions to
the two-year statute of limitations, including: “(1) newly discovered evidence,
(2) the petitioner establishes that the petitioner suffered from a physical
disability or mental disease that precluded timely assertion of the application
for relief, or (3) the petitioner asserts a new interpretation of federal or state
law is retroactively applicable to the petitioner’s case.” Carlson v. State,
2018
ND 81, ¶ 6,
908 N.W.2d 711 (citing N.D.C.C. § 29-32.1-01(3)(a)).
[¶5] In this case, Kremer’s conviction became final after he withdrew his
appeal of the underlying criminal charge to this Court. This Court entered the
order of dismissal on September 20, 2016, and the conviction became final 30
days later. Kremer’s deadline to file an application for postconviction relief was
October 20, 2018. Kremer’s second application is well beyond the two-year
statute of limitations. Therefore, we must look at whether he falls under one
of the three exceptions to the two-year limitation.
[¶6] Kremer argues a new interpretation of state law exists to allow his
application to go forward. He argues this Court set forth a new interpretation
of state law in State v. Atkins,
2019 ND 145,
928 N.W.2d 441, which would
satisfy the exception found in N.D.C.C. § 29-32.1-01(3)(a)(3). He argues that
prior to Atkins, a defendant was allowed to withdraw a guilty plea at any time
to correct a manifest injustice. However, according to Kremer, Atkins newly
interpreted the two-year statute of limitations to apply to N.D.R.Crim.P.
11(d)(1) motions. Here, Kremer filed an application for postconviction relief
seeking to have his “guilty plea [] removed” rather than filing a Rule 11(d)(1)
motion. We have treated Rule 11(d) motions to withdraw a guilty plea as the
equivalent of a postconviction application seeking the same relief. Atkins,
2019
ND 145, ¶¶ 9-11 (“When a defendant applies for post-conviction relief seeking
to withdraw a guilty plea, the application is treated as one made under
N.D.R.Crim.P. 11(d).”). Kremer argues he has two years from the decision in
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Atkins to file a postconviction relief application seeking to withdraw his guilty
plea, making his January 28, 2021 application timely.
[¶7] Contrary to Kremer’s assertions, Atkins did not provide a new
interpretation of state law. In Atkins, the defendant appealed from a district
court order denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea and his motion for
a new trial. 2019 ND 145, ¶ 1. This motion was made more than two years after
the conviction became final. Id. at ¶¶ 3, 8. The defendant argued the district
court erred in converting his motion to withdraw his guilty plea into a
postconviction relief proceeding. Id. at ¶ 1. We agreed with the district court,
holding that the motion should be treated as the defendant’s third application
for postconviction relief. Id. at ¶ 11. Our analysis in Atkins focused on the
multiple mechanisms the defendant had used in an attempt for postconviction
relief, including two prior applications for postconviction relief, a motion under
N.D.R.Crim.P. 35(a), a motion to dismiss the underlying charge, and a motion
to vacate his guilty plea under Rule 11(d)(2). Id. at ¶¶ 3–8, 10–11. It was clear
that the defendant filed motions under the rules of criminal procedure and in
the underlying criminal file to avoid the two-year statute of limitations which
would have barred an application for postconviction relief. We concluded “a
defendant may not avoid the procedures of the Uniform Postconviction
Procedure Act by designating his motion under a rule of criminal procedure or
by filing his motion in his criminal file, rather than filing as a new action for
post-conviction relief.” Id. at ¶ 11.
[¶8] We re-emphasized this principle in State v. Jensen, stating that “[t]he
Uniform Postconviction Procedure Act is the exclusive remedy for collaterally
challenging a judgment of a conviction.”
2021 ND 119, ¶ 7,
962 N.W.2d 393.
“[W]hen a defendant has previously filed an application for post-conviction
relief, a subsequent motion filed under the Rules of Criminal Procedure will be
treated as an application for post-conviction relief when the motion ‘seek[s] to
evade the boundaries of post-conviction proceedings.’”
Id. (quoting Chase v.
State,
2019 ND 214, ¶ 4,
932 N.W.2d 529).
[¶9] Prior to Atkins, this Court had held that a defendant may not evade the
rules of postconviction relief proceedings by moving to withdraw a guilty plea
3
under the rules of criminal procedure. State v. Gress, 2011 ND 233,
807 N.W.2d
567. In Gress, the defendant moved to withdraw his guilty plea after having
already filed an application for postconviction relief. Gress, at ¶ 6. This Court
treated the motion as an application for postconviction relief and applied the
rules of the Uniform Postconviction Procedure Act to the defendant’s claim.
Gress, at ¶ 6. Gress demonstrates that Atkins was not a new interpretation of
state law to apply the rules and procedures of the Uniform Postconviction
Procedure Act to a motion to withdraw a guilty plea.
[¶10] Section 29-32.1-01(4), N.D.C.C., has remained unchanged since its
enactment in 1985. The holding in Atkins was based on a plain reading of
section 29-32.1-01(4), which provides:
A proceeding under this chapter is not a substitute for and does
not affect any remedy incident to the prosecution in the trial court
or direct review of the judgment of conviction or sentence in an
appellate court. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a
proceeding under this chapter replaces all other common law,
statutory, or other remedies available before July 1, 1985, for
collaterally challenging the validity of the judgment of conviction
or sentence. It is to be used exclusively in place of them. A
proceeding under this chapter is not available to provide relief for
disciplinary measures, custodial treatment, or other violations of
civil rights of a convicted person occurring after the imposition of
sentence.
2019 ND 145, ¶ 11. The statute of limitations on applications for postconviction
relief found in §§ 29-32.1-01(2) and (3) has also remained unchanged since
enactment in 2013 as well. Atkins did not reverse a prior interpretation of these
statutes; it applied the holding of Gress and the plain language of the statutes.
Atkins did not announce a new interpretation of state law within the meaning
of N.D.C.C. § 29-32.1-01(3)(a).
[¶11] Kremer’s second application for postconviction relief was not filed within
two years of his conviction having become final. Furthermore, Kremer fails to
show he falls under any of the three exceptions to the two-year statute of
4
limitations. Therefore, the district court did not err in summarily dismissing
his postconviction relief application after finding it untimely.
III
[¶12] We affirm the district court order summarily dismissing Kremer’s
application for postconviction relief.
[¶13] Jon J. Jensen, C.J.
Gerald W. VandeWalle
Daniel J. Crothers
Lisa Fair McEvers
Jerod E. Tufte
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