[Cite as State v. Cook,
2021-Ohio-3841.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NOS. C-210142
C-210143
Plaintiff-Appellee, : C-210144
TRIAL NOS. 20CRB-13263 A-C
vs. :
CHRISTIAAN COOK, : O P I N I O N.
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeals From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgments Appealed From Are: Affirmed in Part, Sentences Vacated, and Cause
Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: October 29, 2021
Andrew W. Garth, City Solicitor, William T. Horsley, Chief Prosecuting Attorney,
and Joshua Loya, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and David Hoffmann,
Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Christiaan Cook appeals his convictions for
domestic violence and child endangerment. For the reasons set forth below, we
affirm the judgments of the trial court in part, but remand the cause for a new
sentencing hearing at which the state must choose which allied offense to pursue.
I. Facts and Procedure
{¶2} On July 12, 2020, defendant-appellant Christiaan Cook was with his
two children in a gymnasium parking lot getting ready to play basketball. Prior to
entering the facility, Cook discovered that his four-year-old son, S.S., had discarded
part of his lunch underneath the car.
{¶3} At a bench trial, Cincinnati Police Officer Anthony Dawson testified
that he was completing an unrelated police report in the parking lot, when he heard
someone yelling nearby. Dawson testified that he saw Cook “slap [S.S.] on top of his
head. And then … grab [S.S.] by the back of the neck and pick him up by the back
of his neck and then slam him on the trunk of a car. And then … pull the child off
of the car again and then str[ike] the child again after that.” Dawson explained that
Cook “face planted [S.S.] face first down onto the trunk of the car, forcefully.” It was
at this point that Dawson activated his body camera and intervened.
{¶4} Cook testified that he did not slam S.S. on the car or slap him on the
head. Rather, Cook testified on direct examination that, after finding S.S.’s chicken
nuggets underneath the car, “I picked him up. I was talking to him. I put him on the
car. I smacked him on the butt three times, and I took him off.” Cook testified that he
spanked S.S. for lying to him about finishing his lunch, not for simply wasting food,
saying, in reference to S.S., “you can’t keep thinking you’re slicker and smarter than
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
everybody but then turn around and act like a baby.” Cook explained that S.S. did
not yell out from the slaps, but that he yelled out because the back of Cook’s black car
had become hot while sitting in the July sun. When explaining S.S.’s reaction to the
hot car, Cook testified, “[s]o that was the neck snatch.” When asked about this
statement on cross-examination, Cook testified that he did not grab his son this way,
saying, “I never said I snatched my son by the neck because I did not. There is no
evidence, no video. It never happened.” Cook said that when lifting S.S. to put him
on the car and when taking him off, he lifted him by grabbing his arms.
{¶5} The body camera footage was introduced at trial and shows Cook and
his sons near his car in the parking lot. After Dawson intervened, Cook said “[t]hese
are my kids, bro. You can’t tell me how to discipline my kids. I ain’t beat him—or
none of that. I will discipline him when he don’t listen. Now tell this Officer you’re
sorry for throwing that food out.” Cook continued, saying “[t]hese are my kids I got
the right to whoop [their] ass. He ain’t got no bruises, no nothing on him.”
{¶6} Another police officer arrived on the scene, and Cook was arrested,
charged with assault, domestic violence, and child endangerment.
{¶7} The trial judge found Cook guilty on all counts. The court merged the
assault charge into the domestic-violence charge, but sentenced Cook to concurrent
terms of 180 days in jail with four days of credit on the domestic-violence and child-
endangerment charges. The remaining days were suspended and Cook was placed on
community control for one year. The court remitted fines for both charges, with Cook
owing court costs for only the child-endangerment charge. The court stayed the
sentence pending this appeal.
{¶8} Cook raises two assignments of error for our review.
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II. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight
{¶9} In his first assignment of error, Cook argues that both convictions are
based on insufficient evidence and are against the manifest weight of the evidence.
1. Sufficiency of the Evidence
{¶10} When reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge, “[t]he
relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 274,
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by constitutional
amendment on other grounds, State v. Smith,
80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102,
684 N.E.2d
668 (1997), fn. 4. Because this is a question of law, we will not weigh the evidence.
State v. Porter, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200459,
2021-Ohio-3232, ¶ 19, quoting
State v. MacDonald, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180310,
2019-Ohio-3595.
A. Domestic Violence
{¶11} Ohio’s domestic-violence statute provides, “[n]o person shall
knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household
member.” R.C. 2919.25(A). Physical harm is defined as “any injury, illness, or other
physiological impairment, regardless of its gravity or duration.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(3).
This court has said even “[t]he slightest injury,” including simply inflicting pain,
constitutes physical harm. State v. Daniels, 2018-Ohio-1701,
111 N.E.3d 708, ¶ 35-36
(1st Dist.), citing State v. Hustead,
83 Ohio App.3d 809, 811,
615 N.E.2d 1081 (4th
Dist. 1992) (slap on the face leaving no bruising or redness was physical harm). For
example, in Daniels, this court found a defendant caused physical harm to his spouse
when he grabbed her face and chin, without leaving a mark, but causing pain. Id. at ¶
7.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶12} Cook argues this conviction is based on insufficient evidence because
there was no evidence of physical harm done to S.S., nor was there evidence that
Cook intended to harm S.S.
{¶13} While Dawson testified that he did not observe any injuries on S.S., he
did provide testimony detailing the severity of the encounter. Dawson stated that he
may not have intervened at all had it been just a slap, but that he “felt the need to go
over there and confront him” once he heard S.S. cry out, and saw Cook grab S.S. by
the back of his neck and slam him face-down on the trunk of the car. Dawson’s body
camera also showed S.S. point to his neck when asked where he was hit. While Cook
provided some contrary testimony on the events, we must view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the state. Moreover, because even “the slightest injury” is
sufficient to demonstrate physical harm, any rational trier of fact could have found
the state demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt that Cook knowingly caused
physical harm to S.S. Therefore, the domestic-violence conviction was based on
sufficient evidence.
B. Child Endangerment
{¶14} Next, R.C. 2919.22(A), provides that parents and guardians shall not
“create a substantial risk to the health or safety of the child, by violating a duty of
care, protection, or support.” A substantial risk is “a strong possibility, as contrasted
with a remote or significant possibility, that a certain result may occur.” R.C.
2901.01(8). The requisite mens rea for conviction under this section is recklessness.
State v. Spivey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-200125, 2021-Ohio-2598, ¶ 12, quoting
State v. McGee,
79 Ohio St.3d 193,
680 N.E.2d 975 (1997), syllabus. Recklessness is
demonstrated by a person’s disregard for “a substantial and unjustifiable risk that
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the person’s conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain
nature.” R.C. 2901.22(C).
{¶15} Acts of affirmative abuse are covered within R.C. 2919.22(A), including
“where a defendant has failed to protect the child from harm inflicted upon the child
while in the defendant’s care,” even when the defendant is the person who inflicted
the harm. State v. Klofta, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28690, 2020-Ohio-5032, ¶ 32,
quoting State v. Gaver, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2015CA00204,
2016-Ohio-7055. A
conviction of child endangerment can be based a single instance of conduct, as long
as there is “ ‘evidence beyond mere speculation’ ” of the “ ‘substantial risk.’ ”
Cleveland Hts. v. Cohen,
2015-Ohio-1636,
31 N.E.3d 695, ¶ 27 (8th Dist.), quoting
Middletown v. McWhorter, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2006-03-068,
2006-Ohio-7030,
¶ 11. However, neither actual injury, nor a pattern of physical abuse is required.
Id.
For instance, in Klofta, the court found that there was sufficient evidence to support
a conviction under R.C. 2919.22(A) when a parent used a stun gun on her ten-year-
old step-child’s bottom, leaving a red mark, despite the child reporting that it merely
“felt like a wasp sting.” Klofta at ¶ 4, 34.
{¶16} Child-endangerment cases are very fact-specific. State v. Bush, 2020-
Ohio-772, 152 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 8 (1st Dist.), citing Beachwood v. Hill, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 93577,
2010-Ohio-3313, ¶ 21. In Beachwood, the court found a mother
acted recklessly and created a substantial risk to her children’s safety when she left
her three children in her car with the windows down in a grocery store parking lot—
even though they were not injured.
Beachwood at ¶ 3-6, 21. The court commented
that the fact-specific nature of child-endangerment cases was “all the more reason to
find that the [prosecution] presented sufficient evidence.” Id. at ¶ 21.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶17} Cook argues the state’s evidence is insufficient because the state did
not present expert testimony on the risks associated with lifting a child by the back of
his neck. However, this court has rejected this argument in prior child-
endangerment cases, holding that “[e]xpert medical testimony is not required where
the creation of a risk to health or safety is within common knowledge.” State v.
Hartley, 194 Ohio App.3d 486,
2011-Ohio-2530,
957 N.E.2d 44, ¶ 25 (1st Dist.),
citing State v. Caton,
137 Ohio App.3d 742,
739 N.E.2d 1176 (1st Dist.2000). In
Hartley, this court affirmed a defendant’s conviction under R.C. 2919.22(A), finding
that it was “within common knowledge” that a daycare employee giving melatonin
supplements to infants without medical supervision created a substantial risk to
their health and safety. Hartley at ¶ 25-29. Like in Hartley, and taking the testimony
in the light most favorable to the state, it is certainly within common knowledge that
lifting a four-year-old child by his neck to slam him face-first on the trunk of the car
creates a substantial risk to the child’s health and safety.
{¶18} Cook also contends that his conduct did not create a substantial risk of
harm because the slaps were “controlled” and did not leave a mark or cause any
soreness. However, as stated above, injury is not a required finding for conviction
under R.C. 2919.22(A). Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636,
31 N.E.3d 695, at ¶ 27. Instead, only
a substantial risk of harm must be shown.
{¶19} Thus, under a sufficiency review, we must determine whether any
rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Cook (1)
recklessly (2) created a substantial risk to S.S.’s health by (3) violating his duty of
care.
{¶20} Based on the evidence presented at trial, any rational trier of fact could
have found that the state proved each element required under R.C. 2919.22(A)
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
beyond a reasonable doubt. S.S. was only four years old, and Cook lifted him by his
neck, slammed him face-first onto the trunk of a hot car, and hit him on the head.
This demonstrates that Cook recklessly created a substantial risk to S.S.’s health. See
R.C. 2919.22(A). Accordingly, we hold that the trial court’s finding was based on
sufficient evidence.
2. Manifest Weight
{¶21} Under a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence review, we “review[] the
entire record, weigh[] the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider[] the
credibility of the witnesses, and determine[] whether the trial court ‘clearly lost its
way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” Downtime Rebuild, LLC v.
Trinity Logistics, Inc., 2019-Ohio-1869,
135 N.E.3d 1253, ¶ 13 (1st Dist.), quoting
Fischoff v. Hamilton, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120200,
2012-Ohio-4785, ¶ 11. When
reviewing under manifest weight, a new trial should only be granted in “exceptional
case[s] in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” State v.
Thompkins,
78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v. Martin,
20 Ohio App.3d 172,
485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶22} Under manifest weight, Cook argues principally that the affirmative
defense of reasonable parental discipline excuses him from liability for both
domestic violence and child endangerment.
{¶23} The Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized reasonable parental
discipline as an affirmative defense to domestic violence. State v. Faggs, 159 Ohio
St.3d 420,
2020-Ohio-523,
151 N.E.3d 593, ¶ 24. Other Ohio courts have recognized
the defense as being applicable to a child-endangerment charge as well. State v.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Perez, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108245, 2020-Ohio-100, ¶ 12; State v. Phillips, 5th
Dist. Holmes No. 14-CA-003,
2014-Ohio-5322, ¶ 18.
{¶24} To successfully assert the defense, the defendant must demonstrate
that the discipline was proper and reasonable based on the totality of the
circumstances, considering the child’s age; the child’s behavior before the
punishment; the child’s prior response to “non-corporal punishment”; the location
and severity of the punishment; and the accused’s state of mind. State v. Luke, 3d
Dist. Union No. 14-10-26, 2011-Ohio-4330, ¶ 22; citing State v. Hart,
110 Ohio
App.3d 250, 256,
673 N.E.2d 992 (3d Dist.1996). The “corrective intent,” should also
be considered.
Faggs at ¶ 22. For example, this court held a father acted reasonably
when he slapped his 12-year-old daughter in the face with the back of his fingers in
response to her acting out at home. State v. Wagster, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
950584,
1996 WL 134538 (Mar. 27, 1996). In making this finding, the court
considered the daughter’s lack of injury; and that the father had a valid corrective
intent, no prior episodes of domestic violence, and immediately left the room after
the incident before making amends with his daughter.
Id. This court also found a
father administered proper discipline when he slapped his 13-year-old daughter in
the face and struck her on the thigh before dropping her off at school. State v.
Adaranijo,
153 Ohio App.3d 266,
2003-Ohio-3822,
792 N.E.2d 1138, ¶ 4-5, 13 (1st
Dist.).
{¶25} However, the Second District recently rejected the parental-discipline
defense of a father who spanked his nine-year-old son 25 times, causing deep
bruising on his buttocks, for allegedly glaring at the father’s fiancée. State v.
Middleton, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2019-CA-22, 2020-Ohio-1308, ¶ 38 (finding “[t]he
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
severity of the force was clearly disproportionate to the reason given for
administering the punishment”).
{¶26} At the bench trial in this case, the court rejected Cook’s defense,
finding the conduct was “not discipline,” but rather “flatout abuse.” The trial court
made this decision based on Dawson’s testimony and the defendant’s demeanor in
the body-camera footage.
{¶27} We cannot say the trial judge clearly lost his way in rejecting Cook’s
reasonable-parental-discipline defense. First, we must consider the age of the child
at the time of the event. This weighs heavily against Cook’s argument that the
discipline was reasonable. S.S. was a small four-year-old-boy, leaving him more
susceptible to injury.
{¶28} Moreover, considering the location and severity of the punishment,
Cook struck S.S. about his face and head, before lifting him by his neck, and
slamming him face-first onto the trunk. While Cook testified that he did not strike or
lift S.S. in this way, Dawson’s testimony supports the trial court’s finding that S.S.
was struck in the head and neck area. The body-camera footage of S.S. pointing to his
neck when asked where he was hit also supports this finding. Moreover, Cook’s
comment on direct examination (“so that was the neck snatch”) weakens the
credibility of his insistence that he did not lift S.S. by the neck. This too cuts against
reasonableness. The judge did not clearly lose his way in believing Dawson’s
testimony over Cook’s testimony regarding Cook’s conduct.
{¶29} The defendant’s state of mind also weighs against the defense. Cook
was clearly agitated at the time of the encounter as captured by Dawson’s body
camera. Shortly after Dawson approached Cook to ask for identification, Cook can be
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
seen forcefully poking S.S. in the forehead twice directly in front of Dawson, telling
his son: “you gonna stop wasting food. And you ain’t slick is you?” After seeing this,
Dawson told Cook to “stop pushing [S.S.] on his head,” to which Cook responded that
he has the right to discipline his children when they do not listen, saying several
times that he “has the right to whoop their ass.” After giving Dawson his
identification, Cook began to walk towards the gym with his children. At this point,
Dawson told Cook not to leave, and said that he would tase him if he left the scene.
Sufficiently agitated, Cook remained on the scene, but continued to raise his voice at
Dawson throughout the encounter. Cook testified to his frustration as well, but said
that he was not frustrated about his son’s behavior, suggesting that the frustration
came only from Dawson’s intervention. However, the body-camera footage showed
that Cook said, “I was whooping his ass in front of his granddaddy too and he looking
at me just like you—like ‘Ohh you need to calm down.’ ” This statement also supports
the trial court’s finding, as it demonstrates that this was not the first time Cook had
acted aggressively while disciplining his son. Cook’s frustration was significant
enough that it was reasonable for the trial court to take this into consideration when
rejecting the defense.
{¶30} Finally, as the court found in Middleton, “the severity of the force was
clearly disproportionate to the reason given for administering the punishment.”
Middleton, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2019-CA-22, 2020-Ohio-1308, at ¶ 38. There again
was a discrepancy as to what the discipline was being delivered for, but whether it
was for telling a lie, or for wasting food, the trial court did not lose its way in finding
this violent response to be unreasonable.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶31} While this court recognizes a parent’s right to discipline his or her
children, Cook’s discipline was not reasonable considering the totality of the
circumstances, and the convictions are therefore not against the manifest weight of
the evidence. The first assignment of error is overruled.
III. Merger
{¶32} In his second assignment of error, Cook argues his convictions for
domestic violence and child endangerment should have merged according to R.C.
2941.25(A). The state concedes this point.
{¶33} Cook did not raise this issue at sentencing, and therefore waives all but
plain error. State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385,
2015-Ohio-2459,
38 N.E.3d 860, ¶
3. Such an error is only reversible if “it affected the outcome of the proceeding and
reversal is necessary to correct a manifest miscarriage of justice.”
Id. That said, this
court has found that a trial court’s failure to merge convictions is prejudicial even
when the sentences are to be served concurrently, as is the case here. State v.
Goshade, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120586,
2013-Ohio-4457, ¶ 23, citing State v.
Underwood,
124 Ohio St.3d 365,
2010-Ohio-1,
922 N.E.2d 923, ¶ 31.
{¶34} R.C. 2941.25(A) provides that where a defendant’s conduct “can be
construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment
or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be
convicted of only one.” The Supreme Court of Ohio directs us to ask three questions
when identifying allied offenses of similar import:
(1) Were the offenses “dissimilar in import or significance?”
(2) Were the offenses “committed separately?”
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(3) Were the offenses “committed with separate animus or
motivation?”
State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114,
2015-Ohio-995,
34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 25. If any of the
above questions are answered in the affirmative, separate convictions are permissible
under R.C. 2941.25.
{¶35} After considering the Ruff factors, it is apparent that the convictions
for domestic violence and child endangerment should have merged under R.C.
2941.25(A). Accordingly, this assignment of error is sustained, the sentences are
vacated, and the cause is remanded for a new sentencing hearing. State v. Whitfield,
124 Ohio St.3d 319,
2010-Ohio-2,
922 N.E.2d 182, paragraph two of the syllabus. On
remand, “the state must elect which allied offense it will pursue against the
defendant.”
Id.
IV. Conclusion
{¶36} For the foregoing reasons, we overrule Cook’s first assignment of error.
However, we sustain his second assignment of error, vacate the sentences, and
remand the cause for a new sentencing hearing at which the state must elect which
allied offense to pursue.
Judgments affirmed in part, sentences vacated, and cause remanded.
Bergeron, P.J., and Winkler, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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