¶1Army and Navy <S=k>44(2) — Persons Subject to Military Daw — “Retainer to Camp” — “Serving with the Armies” — Habeas Corpus.
¶2The driver of an automobile employed and paid by the owner, a contractor for construction work at a training camp in the United States, which is not under martial law, his duty being to transport civilian em-ployés of the government auditing, department at the camp, not shown to have any direct connection with the army, is not a “retainer to the camp or accompanying or serving with the armies,” within Articles of War, art. 2d (Comp. St. § 2308a), and not subject to trial by court-martial for a death inflicted by his machine within the camp.
¶3Habeas corpus by William Weitz, on relation of Robert E. Weitz.
¶4Writ granted.
¶5John D. Carney, of Boston, Mass., for petitioner.
¶6Rouis Goldberg, of Baltimore, Md., for the United States.
¶8Habeas corpus to secure the discharge of the petitioner, who is held by the army authorities for trial by court-martial. The facts are agreed and are as follows:
¶9The petitioner was not in the military service. He was employed as an automobile driver by Coleman Bros., who had a contract with the government to do construction work at Camp Devens. The automobile which he operated was owned by Coleman Bros., and was used for transporting civilian employés of the government auditing department at Camp Devens. It does not appear that this auditing department had any direct connection with the United States Army. The cost of operating the automobile, including the wages of the petitioner, was charged by Coleman Bros, to the United States. Practically all of his work was within the cantonment; he had his quarters in the garage there, where the automobile was kept.
¶10At the time in question, there were in Camp Devens more than 40,-000 men in training for active service on the fighting front. They constituted part of the United States Army and included the Twelfth Division, which was being intensively trained for the purpose of getting it overseas at the earliest possible moment. No martial law had been proclaimed at Camp Devens; the courts of the state and of the United States were open; and, of course, there was no fighting within the territorial limits of the United States.
¶11Under these circumstances, the automobile driven by the petitioner struck and killed a soldier of the Twelfth Division within the limits of the camp. The petitioner was arrested by the military authorities and is held for trial by court-martial. The question is whether he is amenable to military law.
¶12The answer to this question depends on the true construction of article 2d of the Articles of War (Compiled Stats. 1916, § 2308a), *59which provides, in substance, that “retainers to the camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the armies of the United States … in the field,” shall be subject to military law. The precise issues are: (1) Whether the petitioner was a retainer to the camp, or accompanying or serving with the army; and (2) whether the army at Camp Devens was an “army in the field. ”
¶13While the accident happened within the territorial limits of the camp, no military jurisdiction attached — or is claimed — by reason of that fact. It arises, if it exists, solely out of the petitioner’s employment or status. He was not hired by any public officials, and had no contractual relation with the United States; his employer was Coleman Bros. Nor was his work directly connected with the military activities of the camp; he transported civilian employés of the auditing department. The contract which Coleman Bros, had was “for certain construction work … to he performed within the cantonment … known as Camp Devens.”
¶14No case has gone so far as to hold that such a person comes within the Articles of War. In every case which has come to my notice, in which the civilian was held subject to military law, he was either employed by the United States or was directly concerned with the movement or supply of troops.
“The discipliné authorized by the article has mainly been applied to the description of ‘persons serving with the armies of 'the United States in the field’ — that is to say, civilians employed by the United States or serving in a quasi military capacity in connection with troops in time of war and on its theater. But the more fact of employment by the government pending a general war does not render the civilian employé so amenable. The employment must be in connection with the army in the field and on the thealer of hostilities.” Military Law of the United States, by General Davis, late Judge Advocate General and Professor of Law at West Point Academy (3d Ed. 1915) p. 478.
¶15Sec, too, Opinions of Attorney General, volume 16, pp. 13, 48.
¶16The expression “retainers to the camp” means “officers’ servants and the like, as well as camp followers generally.” Davis, Military Law, p. 478. It would not, in my’opinion, include firms engaged in construction work, nor their employés. Persons “accompanying or serving with … armies in the field” are those who, though not enlisted, do work required in maintenance, supply, or transportation of an army. The work which Weitz was doing was not of that character. He was no more serving with or accompanying the army than was a carpenter building barracks, or a laborer working on a road in the camp, or a machinist hired by the day to do work in the machine shop. There is, I think, a clear distinction between work done in the erection or maintenance of a camp of semipermanent character, and work having a direct relation to the transport, maintenance, or supply of an army in the field. Both sorts of work are necessary to the army, but only persons engaged in the latter sort are amenable to military law and punishment. To hold otherwise would be to subject to military law a very large body of civilian employés, never directly coming in contact with military authority, and not heretofore generally supposed to be subject thereto.
¶17*60It is unnecessary to decide whether the military force at Camp Devens constituted an army “in the field.”
¶18There is no proper return to the writ; but that fact is no sufficient reason for depriving the petitioner of his legal rights. An order may be entered discharging him from custody.