State v. Arivett

                                       480

  Argued and submitted June 29, 2020; in Case No. 16CR71474, conviction on
 Count 3 reversed and remanded, otherwise affirmed; in Case No. 16CR72070,
                   reversed and remanded March 3, 2021


                     STATE OF OREGON,
                      Plaintiff-Respondent,
                                v.
               CHRISTOPHER WAYNE ARIVETT,
                     Defendant-Appellant.
                  Lake County Circuit Court
                    16CR72070, 16CR71474;
                  A168945 (Control), A168946
                                    

    In this consolidated appeal, defendant appeals two judgments of conviction: one for conspiracy to export marijuana, ORS 161.450(2)(c), and former ORS
475B.185 (2015), renumbered as ORS 475B.227 (2017); the other for 10 counts
of second-degree encouraging child sex abuse, ORS 163.686. Defendant assigns
error to the trial court’s denial of his motions to suppress, arguing that the extension of the traffic stop of the car in which he was a passenger was not supported by
reasonable suspicion. The state argues that the trial court did not err in denying
defendant’s motion to suppress, because a “moderate odor of marijuana,” among
other facts, permitted the officer to extend the traffic stop based on a reasonable
suspicion that defendant was engaged in criminal drug activity. Held: Because
the facts, considered in their totality, do not support reasonable suspicion that
defendant was involved in illegal drug activity, the trial court erred in denying
defendant’s motions to suppress.
    In Case No. 16CR71474, conviction on Count 3 reversed and remanded; otherwise affirmed. In Case No. 16CR72070, reversed and remanded.



    Robert F. Nichols, Jr., Judge.
   Anne Fujita Munsey, Deputy Public Defender, argued
the cause for appellant. Also on the briefs was Ernest G.
Lannet, Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, Office
of Public Defense Services.
   Peenesh Shah, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief
for respondent. Also on the brief were Ellen F. Rosenblum,
Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General.
  Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Tookey, Judge,
and Aoyagi, Judge.
Cite as 

 (2021)                       481

  TOOKEY, J.
   In Case No. 16CR71474, conviction on Count 3 reversed
and remanded; otherwise affirmed. In Case No. 16CR72070,
reversed and remanded.
482                                                      State v. Arivett

          TOOKEY, J.
         In this consolidated appeal, defendant appeals two
judgments of conviction: one for conspiracy to export marijuana (Case No. 16CR71474, Count 3), and one for 10 counts
of second-degree encouraging child sex abuse (Case No.
16CR72070, Counts 1 through 10). Defendant was charged
with those crimes based on evidence obtained during a traffic stop. Before trial, defendant filed identical motions to
suppress that evidence in both cases. The trial court denied
those motions, and defendant entered conditional guilty
pleas. On appeal, defendant assigns error to the trial court’s
denial of his motions to suppress, arguing that the extension of the traffic stop of the car in which he was a passenger
was not supported by reasonable suspicion of a crime. For
the reasons that follow, we reverse and remand.1
         In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, “[w]e
state the facts consistently with the trial court’s explicit and
necessarily implicit findings.” State v. Kingsmith, 

, 

 (2013).
         The relevant facts are undisputed. Defendant was a
passenger in a rental car with Alabama license plates, traveling east on Highway 140, near Lakeview. Oregon State
Police trooper Zwijacz stopped the car for speeding. Zwijacz
approached the car on the passenger’s side and advised the
driver, Whisante, as to the reason for the stop. He asked
both Whisante and defendant, “Where you guys coming from
today?” Whisante explained that they were coming from
Cave Junction. Zwijacz then said he needed to return to his
car, but stated, “I can smell the marijuana so I gotta talk
about that with you when I get right back,” and asked defendant whether he had “any history” or had “been in trouble
before.” Defendant responded that he had not. Zwijacz then
conducted a check on Whisante for “wants and warrants”
and “prior drug offenses.” A similar check was done on
defendant shortly thereafter, which showed only a prior failure to appear.

    1
      Defendant raises three assignments of error. We write to address only
defendant’s combined first and second assignments of error, our disposition of
which obviates the need to address defendant’s remaining assignment.
Cite as 

 (2021)                             483

         Zwijacz questioned Whisante about the marijuana
odor, noting that he “didn’t see any luggage in the car,” and
that Whisante looked “really nervous.” Whisante explained
that she had luggage in the trunk and that she was sick.
She also explained that neither she nor defendant “smoked”
but that, after staying three days with a cousin who worked
for a dispensary, the marijuana odor had gotten into defendant’s clothes.
         Zwijacz then asked defendant if there was marijuana in the car, and defendant responded that there was
not. Zwijacz told defendant that “we deal with a lot of marijuana leaving the state on this road,” and that “I suspect that
there’s obviously a crime taking place.” Zwijacz repeatedly
asked for consent to search the car, but defendant declined,
specifically stating that “we’d like to be on our way.” Zwijacz
replied, “I imagine you would,” and continued to question
defendant about the presence of marijuana in the vehicle.
         Eventually, a backup officer arrived, and Zwijacz
informed defendant and Whisante that he “was going to
search the vehicle based on probable cause.” As a result of
that search, Zwijacz located approximately five pounds of
marijuana. Zwijacz arrested both Whisante and defendant,
and he seized the marijuana and defendant’s cellphone.
Later, pursuant to a warrant, defendant’s cellphone was
searched for evidence of unlawful drug possession, manufacture, or delivery. During that search, investigators discovered “multiple photos of very obvious child pornography.”
         Defendant was subsequently charged with, among
other offenses, conspiracy to export marijuana, ORS
161.450(2)(c), former ORS 475B.185 (2015), renumbered as
ORS 475B.227 (2017), and second-degree encouraging child
sex abuse, ORS 163.686, based on the evidence obtained
during the search of the car and cellphone. Before trial,
defendant moved to suppress “all evidence seized as a result
of the search of the vehicle Defendant was a passenger in,”
arguing, among other points, that the traffic stop was unlawfully extended based on “a moderate smell of marijuana.”
        At a suppression hearing, the trial court explained
that “the facts set forth in the Defendant’s declaration in
support of his motion to suppress are stipulated to by the
484                                                         State v. Arivett

State and therefore are found to be true by the court.” That
declaration stated that both “Ms. Whisante and [defendant]
were clearly detained by Trooper Zwijacz” during the traffic stop, and that Zwijacz “continued the stop and turned
it into a full investigation of possible drug activity, based
on a moderate smell of marijuana.” Accordingly, during the
hearing, the state did not argue that the defendant had not
been stopped but instead framed the issue before the trial
court as whether there was “reasonable suspicion to extend
the stop.”
        Ultimately, the trial court denied defendant’s
motions to suppress as to the extended stop, concluding:
    “As far as matter of law, the Court makes a finding that
    under the totality of the circumstances basically a moderate smell of marijuana, location of travel, a rental car[,]
    the no luggage, [and] … nervousness …. But under the
    totality of the circumstances the Court finds that the officer
    had a subjective belief that a crime was being committed,
    possession of more than the amount of marijuana allowed
    under Oregon law, and therefore had reasonable suspicion.”
          On appeal, the parties do not dispute whether
defendant was stopped. Rather, the parties dispute whether
Zwijacz had reasonable suspicion when he extended the
traffic stop to investigate criminal drug activity.2
         As a preliminary matter, we note that on appeal,
defendant’s briefing as to the extension of the stop references Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution, but
it largely focuses on the Fourth Amendment to the United
States Constitution. Yet, in the trial court, the points and
     2
       As noted above, in denying defendant’s motion to suppress, the court initially noted that the state “stipulated” that both Whisante and defendant were
stopped during their encounter with Zwijacz. Proceeding on that understanding,
the trial court did not explicitly analyze whether defendant had been stopped
and ruled only that the extension of that stop was supported by reasonable suspicion. That ruling presupposes that there was, in fact, an extended stop of the
defendant, and we proceed on that understanding. Cf. State v. Soto-Navarro, 

, 

 (2021) (noting that, although trial court did not
expressly determine that the defendant had been seized, “its decision to resolve
the case under the unavoidable lull” doctrine “presupposes an antecedent seizure”); State v. Washington, 

, 459 n 1, 

 (2017) (proceeding on understanding that the defendant was stopped, where trial court had
not explicitly ruled that the defendant was stopped but had ruled that stop of the
defendant was justified by reasonable suspicion).
Cite as 

 (2021)                               485

authorities in defendant’s motion to suppress relating to
“Search and Seizure” and “Traffic Stops, Extensions of
Traffic Stops, and Reasonable Suspicion” cited two sources
of federal law, but it largely focused on Oregon authorities.
However, defendant’s arguments in his motion and at the
suppression hearing did not clearly delineate between the
state and federal grounds for granting his motion. Given
that circumstance—and because the trial court did not
articulate in its ruling on which ground it relied in denying
defendant’s motion—we understand the court’s ruling as
implicitly relying on both state and federal grounds. Thus,
consistent with our “first things first” doctrine, we begin
by reviewing the trial court’s ruling under state law. State
v. Kennedy, 

, 

 (1983); State v.
Babson, 

, 

 (2012) (noting
that any discussion of a potential federal constitutional violation is premature until we determine “whether the state’s
law … has deprived defendants of the rights they seek to
vindicate under the United States Constitution”). Because
our decision under state law is dispositive, we do not reach
the federal constitutional issue.
         Under Article I, section 9, “an extension of a traffic
stop to conduct a criminal investigation must be justified by
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.” State v. Barber,

, 

 (2016). “The reasonablesuspicion standard ‘is met when an officer can point to specific and articulable facts that give rise to a reasonable inference that the defendant committed or was about to commit a
specific crime or type of crime.’ ” State v. Bowen, 

, 

 (2021) (quoting Maciel-Figueroa, 

, 

 (2017)). “The officer must have a
subjective belief that the person stopped has committed, or
is about to commit, a crime, and that belief must be objectively reasonable under the totality of the circumstances.”
State v. Kreis, 

, 

 (2019).
         In this case, we do not understand defendant to
dispute that Zwijacz subjectively believed that defendant
possessed more than the amount of marijuana allowed
under Oregon law. Thus, our task on review is to determine
whether Zwijacz’s belief was objectively reasonable under
the totality of the circumstances.
486                                                           State v. Arivett

         As noted above, the trial court found that Zwijacz
had reasonable suspicion that defendant possessed “more
than the amount of marijuana allowed under Oregon law”
based on his observations of (1) a “moderate odor of marijuana,” (2) “location of travel,” (3) “no luggage,” and (4) “nervousness.” In addition to those facts, the state contends on
appeal that two other facts contributed to Zwijacz’s reasonable suspicion: (5) the stopped vehicle was from out of state,
and (6) it was a rental. As explained below, we conclude that
those facts, considered in their totality, do not support a
reasonable suspicion that defendant possessed an unlawful
amount of marijuana.
         To begin with, “nervousness” is not particularly significant to our analysis. “As we have recognized repeatedly,
nervousness alone is entitled to little weight when evaluating reasonable suspicion.” Bowen, 

 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
          Similarly, the fact that Zwijacz observed no luggage
in defendant’s car is not meaningful here. “[W]e have on
several occasions held that a lack of visible luggage adds
nothing to the reasonable suspicion inquiry if luggage may
have readily been stored out of the officer’s plain view.” State
v. Maciel, 

, 

 (2013). Zwijacz
could not see into the trunk, where Whisante had explained
that they were keeping their luggage. Therefore, the lack of
visible luggage is entitled to no weight.
         The fact that defendant was traveling in a rental
car with out-of-state plates on Highway 140 does not support a reasonable suspicion that defendant possessed an
unlawful amount of marijuana.3 Out-of-state license plates
add nothing to the reasonable suspicion analysis here. See
State v. Bates, 

, 

 (1987) (stating

    3
      It is important to note that the record lacks evidence that would give significance to those innocuous facts (Zwijacz did not testify to explain that Highway
140 is a drug trafficking corridor or why he would believe that out-of-state license
plates and rental cars are suspicious). See State v. Alvarado, 

,

 (2013) (“An officer’s training and experience are relevant to, and may
help explain why, a particular circumstance is suspicious [but] the invocation of
training and experience, without more elaboration describing what that training
and experience consists of, does little to prove that otherwise innocuous facts …
are evidence of criminal activity.”).
Cite as 

 (2021)                                  487

that defendant’s “out-of-state license plates add nothing” to
reasonable suspicion analysis); see also State v. Alvarado,

, 

 (2013) (“[T]he fact that
defendant was driving a van with out-of-state plates is of no
significance ….”). Likewise, “[t]raveling in a rental car is
also an unremarkable act that adds little to the reasonablesuspicion calculus.” Bowen, 

. And defendant’s presence on Highway 140 is not indicative of unlawful
drug possession. See 

 (explaining that “the act
of traveling on a public highway known to be part of a ‘drug
trafficking corridor’ does not give rise to reasonable suspicion that any particular person traveling on the highway is
trafficking drugs”).
        The only remaining fact relied on by the trial court
and the state is the “moderate smell of marijuana” that
Zwijacz smelled coming from the stopped car. We conclude
that that fact is not sufficient to support a reasonable suspicion that defendant possessed an unlawful amount of marijuana. That is because, as we recently held,
   “the smell of marijuana [ ] generally no longer has the significance it once had as a basis for reasonable suspicion, in
   light of decriminalization. … [A] strong odor can signal
   the presence of marijuana, but not necessarily the presence
   in a quantity that is illegal for persons 21 and older to lawfully possess. For that reason, odor adds only that much
   to the calculus—that some amount of marijuana may be
   present.”
State v. T. T., 

, 

 (2021)
(emphasis added). Here, Zwijacz observed only a “moderate”
odor, and the record contains no other facts supporting a
reasonable suspicion that the quantity of marijuana that
might have been present was unlawful. Thus, in this case,
the moderate smell of marijuana is not enough to support
reasonable suspicion that defendant was unlawfully possessing marijuana, even if we assume that defendant’s nervousness is entitled to some small amount of weight in the
“totality of the circumstances” analysis.
        In sum, the foregoing facts—considered in their
totality—do not provide an objectively reasonable suspicion that defendant possessed an unlawful amount of
488                                                        State v. Arivett

marijuana.4 We therefore conclude that it was error to deny
defendant’s motions to suppress evidence. Accordingly, we
reverse defendant’s convictions and remand for defendant to
withdraw his conditional guilty pleas. See State v. Cecconi,

, 

 (2021) (noting that, under
ORS 135.335(3), “[a] defendant who finally prevails on appeal
may withdraw the plea,” when that defendant entered a conditional guilty plea).
        In Case No. 16CR71474, conviction on Count 3
reversed and remanded; otherwise affirmed. In Case No.
16CR72070, reversed and remanded.




    4
      We note that, in the trial court, the parties’ arguments—and the court’s
ruling on defendant’s motion to suppress—focused on whether Zwijacz extended
the traffic stop based on reasonable suspicion that defendant possessed an
unlawful amount of marijuana. On appeal, however, the state contends that the
facts would also support a reasonable suspicion that defendant was involved in
exporting marijuana. Yet nothing in the record shows that the trial court contemplated reasonable suspicion as to exporting marijuana. In any event, the abovementioned facts adduced in the trial court, without more, are insufficient for us
to conclude that they support an objectively reasonable suspicion that defendant
was exporting marijuana, and, therefore, we reject that contention without further discussion.