Hofer v. OHSU

                                        603

Argued and submitted December 31, 2020; affirmed May 18; petition for review
 allowed, decision of Court of Appeals vacated, and case remanded to Court of
Appeals for reconsideration in light of Lowell v. Medford School Dist. 549C, 

, 

, September 16, 2022 (

)


                 Linda Sue HOFER,
                 Plaintiff-Appellant,
                           v.
      OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY,
               Defendant-Respondent.
           Multnomah County Circuit Court
                18CV14839; A172328
                                    

     Plaintiff sued Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) for damages
that she alleges she sustained after two of its physicians typed false statements
into her medical record. Plaintiff sought recovery under two legal theories: defamation and medical negligence. The trial court concluded, on OHSU’s motions
for summary judgment, that OHSU was entitled to prevail (1) on plaintiff’s
defamation claims because those claims were barred by absolute privilege and
(2) on her medical negligence claim because there were “insufficient facts to
prove a basis” for that claim. On appeal, plaintiff assigns error to the trial court’s
granting of OHSU’s summary judgment motions. As to the defamation claim,
plaintiff argues that an issue of material fact exists as to whether her physicians
were acting within the scope of their duties when they entered the notes at issue
into plaintiff’s medical records. As to the negligence claim, plaintiff argues that,
as a patient, she has a “legally protected interest in the accuracy of her medical
records,” and, therefore, the trial court erred when it granted OHSU’s summary
judgment motion on that claim. Held: The evidence was insufficient to raise a
genuine issue of fact regarding whether the physicians were carrying out their
official duties. Therefore, OHSU was entitled to prevail on its absolute privilege
defense. Additionally, plaintiff failed to develop or support her argument that
she had a legally protected interest in the accuracy of her medical records that
was sufficient to provide an exception to the physical injury rule that applies in
negligence cases. Plaintiff also failed to introduce evidence establishing that her
physicians had a specific duty to maintain accurate patient records for the specific purpose of protecting patients from emotional harm.
    Affirmed.



    Christopher A. Ramras, Judge.
   David Wallace argued the cause for appellant. Also on
the brief was Wallace Law Firm.
   Janet M. Schroer argued the cause for respondent. Also
on the brief were Holly E. Pettit and Hart Wagner LLP.
604                                            Hofer v. OHSU

  Before Mooney, Presiding Judge, and Pagán, Judge, and
DeVore, Senior Judge.*
   MOONEY, P. J.
   Affirmed.




______________
   * Pagán, J., vice DeHoog, J. pro tempore.
Cite as 

 (2022)                                          605

          MOONEY, P. J.
         Plaintiff sued Oregon Health and Science University
(OHSU) for damages that she alleges she sustained after
two of its employed physicians typed false statements into
her medical record, which is maintained by OHSU in its
electronic health records (Epic EHR) database. The statements in question include that plaintiff “obtained duplicate prescriptions, breached a medication contract and lied
about methadone prescriptions.” Plaintiff sought recovery
under two legal theories: defamation and medical negligence.1 The trial court concluded, on OHSU’s motions for
summary judgment, that OHSU was entitled to prevail
(1) on plaintiff’s defamation claims because those claims
were barred by absolute privilege and (2) on her medical negligence claim because there were “insufficient facts to prove
a basis” for that claim. Plaintiff appeals from the general
judgment dismissing her claims, assigning error to the trial
court’s granting of OHSU’s summary judgment motions. For
the reasons that follow, we conclude that absolute privilege
bars plaintiff’s defamation claim and that the trial court did
not err in dismissing plaintiff’s negligence claim because no
issue of material fact exists with respect to that claim and
OHSU is entitled to prevail. We, therefore, affirm.
                    FACTUAL BACKGROUND
         In reviewing the trial court’s summary judgment
ruling, we view the record in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party—here, plaintiff—resolving all reasonable
inferences in her favor. Jennewein v. MCIMetro Access
Transmission Services, 

, 

(2021). The relevant facts are not in dispute, and we state
them in accordance with the standard of review.
         Plaintiff has a movement disorder known as restless leg syndrome (RLS). When she lived in the State of
Washington, her physician treated her RLS with methadone.

    1
      Plaintiff’s first claim for relief against OHSU alleges defamation and
defamation per se based upon statements made by Dr. MacDonald. Plaintiff’s
second claim for relief against OHSU alleges defamation and defamation per se
based upon statements made by Dr. Bernard. Plaintiff’s third claim for relief
against OHSU alleges medical negligence based upon the acts and omissions of
MacDonald and Bernard.
606                                             Hofer v. OHSU

After moving from Washington to Oregon, plaintiff sought
to establish care with an Oregon physician who would be
willing to continue that same course of treatment. To that
end, plaintiff saw Dr. MacDonald, a physician in the third
year of her residency training program at OHSU’s neurology
clinic. MacDonald provided plaintiff with a prescription for
a one-month supply, followed by a prescription for a threemonth supply, of methadone to allow her time to establish a
permanent relationship with a physician who would assume
care of her RLS. Plaintiff subsequently met with a different
physician, who agreed to continue the methadone treatment
if plaintiff would provide a urine sample and sign a medication contract. Plaintiff was unable to give a urine sample and she left the appointment. She did not return to that
clinic.
         Plaintiff returned to defendant’s neurology clinic
on May 24, 2017, approximately nine months after her first
visit there, and again saw MacDonald. MacDonald declined
to prescribe additional methadone for plaintiff at that time
and documented the medical encounter in plaintiff’s medical record as follows:
  “I have not seen [plaintiff] since her August 2016 initial
  visit, at which time I gave her a three month prescription
  for methadone. I gave her another 3 month prescription in
  December, at which time I told her it was possible that I
  would not be able to continue filling the prescription given
  the limitations to my clinic schedule, but that I would continue to explore options. I have not heard from her since
  that time until she appeared in my clinic today.
  “In December, she established care with a new PCP in the
  family medicine clinic at Gabriel Park, who was willing to
  take on prescription of her methadone. She was seen on
  3/10, at which time she signed a medication contract and
  was asked to take a urine test. She did not complete the
  urine test and refused to return to take the test on another
  day (per my discussion with her PCP, became irate and left
  the clinic suddenly), and therefore her care was terminated
  with that physician.
  “In my clinic today, she appeared highly anxious. She did
  not make eye contact with me and answered pleasantries
  and preliminary history questions with one word answers.
Cite as 

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  I probed a bit as to why she was in my clinic now after
  having been lost to follow up for several months. She stated
  that she was here for methadone prescription. I asked if
  she had seen any other doctors for prescriptions, and she
  said no. I asked specifically about the family medicine
  clinic, where it seemed she had a willing provider, and
  she initially said that her PCP there had left and therefore couldn’t prescribe the methadone, which was why she
  didn’t obtain the prescription there. I felt that if not an outright lie (indeed, her PCP would be leaving at the end of
  the year), this was certainly a misleading response. When
  I told her that I had spoken to that doctor, she eventually
  stated that her PCP asked her to provide a urine sample,
  and she was unable to because she had just used the bathroom. She felt it was undue hardship to come back because
  the drive was too far. She specifically stated that the reason she did this was because she already had an appointment with me. However, mychart documentation does not
  corroborate this, and in fact, her appointment with me was
  not scheduled until 4/12.
  “Her behavior is very concerning to me - despite telling me
  that no one has been willing to prescribe for her, she did
  in fact have a willing prescriber for methadone, the barrier to which was her unwillingness to complete a urine
  test. Although by history and chart review she does seem
  to have a reasonable indication for methadone, I am unwilling to continue to prescribe this for her at this time in
  light of her behavior. Her behavior both outside my clinic
  as well as in my office today demonstrates numerous red
  flags (which she did not exhibit at our initial visit), and
  I think she requires a prescriber with more experience
  with medication contracts. I offered her several other nonnarcotic medication options which are approved for treatment of RLS, which she declined. She left very shortly
  thereafter in the middle of our conversation.”
MacDonald’s attending physician, Dr. Bernard, reviewed the
May 24, 2017, encounter as part of her supervisory role in
MacDonald’s residency training program and she, in turn,
documented the following in plaintiff’s medical chart:
  “I personally interviewed the patient, performed the pertinent parts of the physical examination and personally formulated the plan with the resident [(MacDonald)]. I agree
  with the resident[’]s documentation and have documented
608                                                         Hofer v. OHSU

   any additions or exceptions. The patient has broken trust
   with another clinic at OHSU regarding methadone maintenance, and obtained duplicate prescriptions, and then left
   our clinic precipitously. She will not be rescheduled due to
   severance of trust and contract with providers.”
Bernard later corrected that note by removing the language
that said that she had “personally” evaluated plaintiff and
“performed” parts of the exam because, in fact, she had not
done so. She also acknowledged in deposition testimony that
it was incorrect to have stated that plaintiff had obtained
“duplicate prescriptions.”
        Plaintiff ultimately moved back to Washington in
order to obtain care and treatment of her movement disorder from her previous Washington physician.
                  PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         Plaintiff filed this lawsuit in April of 2018. A round
of ORCP 21 A pleading motions was filed and litigated,
including one that sought dismissal of the medical negligence claim on the grounds that plaintiff had not stated
facts sufficient to constitute such a claim. The court granted
OHSU’s ORCP 21 A motion, noting its view that
   “[f]rankly, in this case, at least thus far, I don’t think the
   complaint is sufficient to allege that there was a standard of
   care that included a duty to protect against psychic harm.
   And I don’t think the claim alleges any clear cut psychological harm that was suffered by the Plaintiff.”
The court gave plaintiff leave to amend her complaint,
which she did. OHSU filed an answer generally denying
wrongdoing and raising several affirmative defenses including, among others, failure to state facts sufficient to constitute a negligence claim and, with respect to the defamation
claims, absolute privilege.
         OHSU filed its first motion for summary judgment
raising notice issues under the Oregon Tort Claims Act2
and seeking dismissal of the medical negligence claim for
lack of sufficient facts to support that claim. The trial court
granted summary judgment in favor of OHSU and against
   2
       Notice under the Oregon Tort Claims Act is not before us.
Cite as 

 (2022)                                               609

plaintiff on the negligence claim “because there are insufficient facts to prove a basis for Plaintiff’s claims.” OHSU
filed another motion for summary judgment arguing that
(1) the allegedly defamatory statements entered into plaintiff’s medical record are subject to absolute privilege and
(2) plaintiff could not “establish the requisite elements of a
claim for defamation.” The court granted that motion on the
basis of absolute privilege. Final judgment was entered, and
this appeal followed.
                   THE DEFAMATION CLAIMS
         Plaintiff claims that statements contained within
MacDonald’s and Bernard’s post-visit notes are false and
defamatory, and that those notes were “entered and published” into her medical record, which is maintained by
OHSU in its Epic EHR database, where those notes are
available to be seen by healthcare providers who query that
system in relationship to providing care and treatment for
plaintiff. OHSU asserts that it is a part of state government, that MacDonald and Bernard are its employees and
therefore government officials, that they wrote the post-visit
notes within the course and scope of their duties as government officials for the purpose of documenting the delivery
of healthcare services to plaintiff and that, as such, OHSU
is protected from liability for the statements contained in
those notes by the doctrine of absolute privilege.3
         A party against whom a claim is asserted “may …
move … for a summary judgment in that party’s favor as
to all or any part of any claim or defense.” ORCP 47 B. In
the face of such a motion, the nonmoving party has “the burden of producing evidence on any issue raised in the motion
as to which [she] would have the burden of persuasion at
trial.” ORCP 47 C; Two Two v. Fujitec America, Inc., 

, 

 (2014). Because absolute privilege is
an affirmative defense on which OHSU would have the burden of persuasion at trial, OHSU has the burden on summary judgment to establish facts showing that the privilege

    3
      Oregon recognizes the defenses of qualified privilege and absolute privilege
in defamation claims. DeLong v. Yu Enterprises, Inc., 

, 

(2002). OHSU, however, does not claim that qualified privilege applies and we,
therefore, address only the question of the applicability of absolute privilege.
610                                                Hofer v. OHSU

applies, and that OHSU is entitled to prevail as a matter of
law. ORCP 47 C; Mouktabis v. A. M., 

, 

 (2021).
         Absolute privilege generally applies in governmental settings to statements made by public officials in the
course of their public duties. Lowell v. Medford School Dist.
549C, 

, 

, rev allowed,

 (2021). The defense of absolute privilege acts
as a complete bar to liability for defamation. Johnson v.
Brown, 

, 

 (2004). The privilege is intended to ensure “the unhampered operation of
the government,” Wallulis v. Dymowski, 

, 

 (1996), and to promote the public welfare, Grubb
v. Johnson et al, 

, 

 (1955).
Absolute privilege is based on the premise that it is more
important to encourage public officials to speak freely in the
discharge of their official duties than it is to allow individuals to sue public officials for defamatory statements that
public officials may make in that context. As Judge Learned
Hand put it:
       “It does indeed go without saying that an official, who
   is in fact guilty of using his powers to vent his spleen upon
   others, or for any other personal motive not connected with
   the public good, should not escape liability for the injuries
   he may so cause; and, if it were possible in practice to confine such complaints to the guilty, it would be monstrous
   to deny recovery. The justification for doing so is that it is
   impossible to know whether the claim is well founded until
   the case has been tried, and that to submit all officials, the
   innocent as well as the guilty, to the burden of a trial and
   to the inevitable danger of its outcome, would dampen the
   ardor of all but the most resolute, or the most irresponsible, in the unflinching discharge of their duties. Again and
   again the public interest calls for action which may turn
   out to be founded on a mistake, in the face of which an official may later find himself hard put to it to satisfy a jury of
   his good faith. …”
Gregoire v. Biddle, 177 F2d 579, 581 (2d Cir 1949), cert den,

 (1950).
        The trend of Oregon’s judicial decisions over the
past 100 years has been to apply absolute privilege in an
Cite as 

 (2022)                                611

increasingly broad fashion. Our state legislators have always
enjoyed absolute privilege for statements made in the course
of their legislative duties, and we have extended that privilege to official members of lesser legislative bodies. For
example, in extending absolute privilege to a member of a
port commission, the Oregon Supreme Court explained that
“Oregon prides itself on its citizen participation.” Noble v.
Ternyik, 

, 

 (1975). “Uncompensated
citizens, serving at least in part to fulfill their civic responsibility, comprise the vast bulk of numerous legislative
bodies in Oregon,” and public bodies do not meet privately,
but rather in the open as required by the Oregon public meetings law. 

. Without absolute privilege,
there would likely be fewer citizens willing to participate.

.

          Absolute privilege applies to statements made by
judges, jurors, attorneys, and witnesses so that they may
“speak their minds freely and exercise their respective functions without incurring the risk of a criminal prosecution
or an action for the recovery of damages.” Moore v. Sater
et al, 

, 

 (1959). The application of
absolute privilege to statements made by attorneys in pleadings or in open court in the course of litigation was extended
beyond pleadings and open court to other statements made
by attorneys that are “pertinent” to litigation or “a judicial
proceeding.” Chard v. Galton, 

, 

 (1977). And it has been applied to statements made to
administrative bodies in the absence of an actual judicial or
quasi-judicial proceeding. Ramstead v. Morgan, 

, 

 (1959).

         Absolute privilege has been applied to statements
made by “inferior as well as high-ranking” executive branch
officers in the course of their official duties. Shearer v.
Lambert, 

, 

 (1976). That privilege has been specifically applied to statements made by
police officers in the course of their official duties. See, e.g.,
Chamberlain v. City of Portland, 

, 

 (2002) (applying absolute privilege to memorandum by
police sergeant documenting conduct of police officer at conference); Sandrock v. City of Corvallis, 

,
612                                           Hofer v. OHSU

, rev den, 

 (1982) (applying absolute
privilege to statements in which a police captain communicated defamatory material to detectives in the course of his
official duties). And in Christianson v. State of Oregon, 

, 

 (2010), rev den, 

(2011), we applied absolute privilege to statements made by
a Department of Human Services (DHS) supervisor about
a former employee who was applying for a new job with
DHS. Most recently, we have applied absolute privilege to
claims against a public school district arising out of a statement made by a district employee, a theater technician, to
his supervisor, that he had observed the plaintiff, who had
been providing piano tuning services to the district, to be
intoxicated on school premises in violation of district policy.
Lowell, 

.
         We now turn to the question of whether the trial
court erred in concluding that, on the record before it, absolute privilege applies to statements made by MacDonald and
Bernard in their post-visit chart notes concerning plaintiff.
The legislature established OHSU as a public corporation,
to act as a governmental entity, with the mission of carrying out the statewide functions of “education, research, and
delivery of healthcare.” Clarke v. OHSU, 

, 

 (2006), aff’d, 

, 

(2007). OHSU “[e]ngage[s] in the provision of inpatient and
outpatient clinical care and health care delivery systems
throughout the state[.]” ORS 353.030(3)(c). OHSU presented
evidence that MacDonald and Bernard, as OHSU-employed
physicians, deliver healthcare to patients and also function
as part of OHSU’s educational mission through the residency program. It presented Bernard’s declaration as evidence that residents, like MacDonald, who see patients at
OHSU’s neurology clinic “are responsible for taking a medical history, performing a physical exam, and summarizing the visit and the medical care provided to the patient
in the patient’s electronic medical record.” It also presented
evidence that an attending physician, such as Bernard,
is “responsible for supervising the resident’s exam of the
patient, reviewing the patient’s medical history and chart
notes, including chart notes completed by the residents, and
preparing [the attending physician’s] own documentation in
Cite as 

 (2022)                               613

the patient’s electronic medical record reflecting [his or her]
involvement and assessment related to the patient’s care.”

          Plaintiff relies on Clifford v. City of Clatskanie, 

, 

, rev den, 

 (2006), to
argue that triable issues remain as to whether MacDonald
and Bernard were authorized to include statements in
plaintiff’s medical record that amounted to false reports of
“prescription fraud and the crime of obtaining duplicate prescriptions.” Plaintiff, thus, argues that an issue of material
fact exists as to whether the physicians were acting within
the scope of their official duties when they entered those
notes into plaintiff’s medical record. In Clifford, as here, the
defendant bore the burden to produce some evidence that
the officer’s statements—the disclosure of a 9-1-1 caller’s
identity—were made “during the performance of his official
duties.” Id. at 580. Because he did not produce such evidence,
a material issue of fact remained as to the applicability of
the defendant’s absolute privilege defense. Id. In contrast,
OHSU presented evidence in the form of a declaration from
Bernard that described, in part, the roles of resident physicians and attending physicians working in OHSU’s neurology residency training program, specifically including
(1) the resident’s official duty to summarize and document
the medical care provided to the patient in the patient’s medical record, and (2) the attending physician’s official duty to
complete her own documentation in the patient’s medical
record reflecting her “involvement and assessment related
to the patient’s care.” Plaintiff did not, however, respond by
offering evidence sufficient to raise an issue of fact as to
whether the post-visit notes concerning the care provided to
plaintiff, or any part of those notes, were made outside the
scope of MacDonald’s or Bernard’s official duties.

         To avoid summary judgment after OHSU produced
evidence that the notes were entered as part of each physician’s respective role in delivering healthcare services
to plaintiff—prima facie evidence that absolute privilege
applies—plaintiff needed to have come forward with evidence that the physicians did not enter their respective
notes within the course of their official duties. Plaintiff
did, of course, offer evidence through Bernard’s deposition
614                                                          Hofer v. OHSU

testimony that Bernard’s note incorrectly states that she
personally saw plaintiff and that plaintiff “obtained duplicate prescriptions.” But the fact that Bernard’s note was
incorrect in those respects does not raise an issue of fact
about whether the physicians were carrying out their official duties when they created and entered the post-visit
notes.4
         There is evidence that MacDonald and Bernard
were carrying out their official duties delivering healthcare
to plaintiff at OHSU, a public corporation providing statewide healthcare services and education as a part of state
government. There is evidence that, as a part of the delivery
of healthcare services to plaintiff, MacDonald and Bernard
had a duty to, and did, summarize the care they provided to
her and entered those summaries into her medical record.
There is no evidence that raises a genuine issue about
whether McDonald or Bernard were carrying out their official duties in doing so and on this record, OHSU is entitled
to prevail on its absolute privilege defense. The trial court
did not err in granting summary judgment to OHSU on the
defamation claim.
             THE MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE CLAIM
         We turn to the trial court’s order granting summary
judgment on plaintiff’s negligence claim in favor of OHSU.
As noted, we view the record in the light most favorable to
plaintiff, resolving all reasonable inferences in her favor.
Jennewein, 

. Summary judgment is to be
granted only when there are no genuine issues of material
fact, and the moving party is entitled to prevail as a matter
of law. ORCP 47 C.
         As a preliminary matter, OHSU raises a preservation argument that we reject. OHSU raised the legal sufficiency of the facts supporting plaintiff’s negligence claim in
its motion for summary judgment and, having opposed that
    4
      We note that the ORCP 47 E affidavit submitted by plaintiff’s counsel was
submitted in opposition to OHSU’s motion for summary judgment on plaintiff’s
medical negligence claim. She did not argue in the trial court that that affidavit
raises a material issue with respect to the application of absolute privilege and
we do not understand her to make that argument on appeal.
Cite as 

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motion in the trial court, plaintiff placed the matter squarely
at issue, preserving her arguments for appeal. However, to
the extent that plaintiff now argues that the court should
have granted her leave, sua sponte, to further amend her
second amended complaint following its granting of OHSU’s
motion for summary judgment, we agree with OHSU that
she did not preserve that argument and we, therefore, do not
address it on appeal.
         Although the sufficiency of plaintiff’s complaint was
at one time tested in the trial court by a former ORCP 21
A(8) (2018)5 motion, the court’s ruling on that motion is not
before us. Plaintiff argues that OHSU’s motion for summary
judgment “operated as a [former] ORCP 21 A(8) motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim for relief.” We disagree
with that characterization. OHSU argued, and the trial
court found, that the evidence before it on the summary
judgment motion was insufficient to raise an issue of material fact, thus entitling OHSU to prevail as a matter of law.
We look to that record—which includes both the pleadings
and the evidence presented—as we review the trial court’s
summary judgment ruling.
         One typically may recover damages for injuries that
are the reasonably foreseeable result of another person’s
careless conduct. Fazzolari v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J,

, 

 (1987) (“[T]he issue of liability for
harm actually resulting from [a] defendant’s conduct [typically] depends on whether that conduct unreasonably created a foreseeable risk to a protected interest of the kind of
harm that befell the plaintiff.”). A plaintiff in a professional
negligence case must ordinarily plead and prove
    “(1) a duty that runs from the defendant to the plaintiff;
    (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a resulting harm to the plaintiff measurable in damages; and (4) causation, i.e., a causal
    link between the breach of duty and the harm.”

Zehr v. Haugen, 

, 

 (1994).
A cause of action for negligence does not arise until the
     5
       ORCP 21 A(8) was renumbered as ORCP 21 A(1)(h), effective January 1,
2022. We cite the former version in this opinion. It authorizes motions to dismiss
for “failure to state ultimate facts sufficient to constitute a claim.”
616                                               Hofer v. OHSU

defendant’s negligent conduct causes harm that results in
damages. Berg v. Hirschy, 

, 

 (2006).
         In negligence cases, “harm” generally means “physical injury.” See, e.g., Branch v. Hensgen, 

,

, rev den, 

 (1988) (explaining that
in a medical negligence case, “[i]njury in the legal sense
means physical injury” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Proof of physical injury or, alternatively, breach of a heightened duty of care, is required in cases seeking damages for
emotional injury. Wilson v. Tobiassen, 

,

, rev den, 

 (1989) (explaining that
the physical injury rule provides assurance that the mental disturbance is genuine and permits the courts to distinguish legitimate claims from speculative ones). In other
words, foreseeability alone is insufficient to establish liability. And, in the absence of physical injury, “there must
also be another ‘legal source’ of liability for the plaintiff to
recover emotional distress damages.” Philibert v. Kluser,

, 

 (2016) (quoting Norwest v.
Presbyterian Intercommunity Hosp., 

, 

 (1982)).
         A “direct physician-patient relationship” can be
the legal source justifying a duty to protect “economic and
emotional interests under negligence law.” Tomlinson v.
Metropolitan Pediatrics, LLC, 

, 

(2018). And there is no dispute here that this is a professional negligence claim that invokes the standard of care for
physicians set forth at ORS 677.095(1):
       “A physician licensed to practice medicine or podiatry by
   the Oregon Medical Board has the duty to use that degree
   of care, skill and diligence that is used by ordinarily careful physicians in the same or similar circumstances in the
   community of the physician or a similar community.”
But a physician does not “operate under a general duty to
avoid any emotional harm that foreseeably might result
from their conduct.” Curtis v. MRI Imaging Services II, 

, 

 (1998). To recover damages from
one’s physician for emotional harm in the absence of physical injury, the physician’s standard of care must include a
Cite as 

 (2022)                                            617

“specific duty to be aware of and guard against particular
adverse psychological reactions or consequences to medical
procedures.” Id. at 14-15. The interest must be “of sufficient
importance as a matter of policy to merit protection from
emotional impact.” Hilt v. Bernstein, 

, 

 (1985), rev den, 

 (1986). Such instances
generally include (1) “when another party has a legal duty
‘designed to protect plaintiff[ ] against the type of harm’ ”
that occurred; (2) when a legally protected interest has been
created by statute to prevent “the type of emotional harm
that occurred”; and (3) when the interest has previously
been given protection under the common law. Philibert, 

 (brackets in Philibert).
         Here, plaintiff argues that, as a patient, she has
a “legally protected interest in the accuracy of her medical records” and in having inaccurate medical records
corrected. In support of that, she points to various federal
and state statutory provisions that protect personal health
information contained within a patient’s medical records
from unauthorized disclosure and that provide a process
for patients to request corrections to their medical records.
OHSU counters that exceptions to the physical injury
requirement are narrow, and further, that plaintiff did not
allege “that the standard of care for the alleged malpractice
(here, record keeping) included a duty to guard against the
patient’s psychic harm,” and in any event plaintiff failed to
“provide evidence of a standard of care that requires medical providers to protect against psychic harm when completing chart notes and medical records.”
         Plaintiff relies on ORS 192.553(1)6 in support of her
contention that “medical records clearly qualify as a legally
protected interest.” She also mentions ORS 677.190(4) (relating to the regulation of medicine) and ORS 165.080 (relating to the falsification of business records), but she does not

   6
     ORS 192.553(1) provides:
       “It is the policy of the State of Oregon that an individual has:
       “(a) The right to have protected health information of the individual
   safeguarded from unlawful use or disclosure; and
       “(b) The right to access and review protected health information of the
   individual.”
618                                             Hofer v. OHSU

develop her argument based on those provisions. And as
OHSU points out, neither the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), the Standards for
Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information (the
Privacy Rule), nor the corresponding Oregon statutes create
a right of recovery in individuals for the wrongful violation
of those provisions.
         Plaintiff does not demonstrate how the right to privacy that attaches to one’s medical records and the corresponding rights of access and correction give rise to liability
in negligence for psychological damages, in the absence of
physical damage, caused by a physician’s failure to maintain accurate medical records. She has not alleged or offered
evidence sufficient to connect her physicians’ duty to use
that degree of care, skill, and diligence used by similarly
situated physicians in assessing and treating movement
disorders to a specific duty to maintain accurate patient
records for the specific purpose of protecting patients from
emotional harm that might arise from poor record-keeping
practices. And it is not our function to sort out and develop
such arguments for plaintiff given the record before us. See
R. S. R. v. Dept. of Human Services, 

, 

 (2022) (“It is insufficient for plaintiff to merely identify those authorities and task us with determining how,
under controlling case law, they apply to his case.”); Beall
Transport Equipment Co. v. Southern Pacific, 

, 700 n 2, 

, adh’d to as clarified on recons, 

, 

 (2003) (“[I]t is not this court’s function to speculate as to what a party’s argument might be” or
“to make or develop a party’s argument when that party has
not endeavored to do so itself.”).
         The ORCP 47 E affidavit submitted by plaintiff’s
counsel in response to OHSU’s summary judgment motion
does not assist plaintiff. Although we view that affidavit
“like all parts of the record, in the light most favorable to
plaintiffs,” Two Two, 

, it does not defeat summary judgment where, as here, plaintiff did not develop
or support her arguments concerning whether there is an
interest in the accuracy of one’s medical records sufficiently
important to provide an exception to the physical injury rule
that applies to negligence cases.
Cite as 

 (2022)                          619

                     CONCLUSION
        The trial court did not err in granting OHSU’s summary judgment motions as to plaintiff’s defamation and
medical negligence claims. Therefore, we affirm.
        Affirmed.