Crowder v. Kitagawa’s Empirical Analysis
81 F.3d 1480 · 1996
Citation profile
44 federal appellate · 18 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 123 later decisions — most recently April 2022 · most notably John Armstrong v. Gray Davis, Governor of the State of California (2001), Lovell v. Chandler (2002)
44 federal appellate · 18 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 28 U.S.C. § 1291 · 29 U.S.C. § 794 · 42 U.S.C. § 12101 (§ 2 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12102 (§ 3 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12132 (§ 202 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12133 (§ 203 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990) · 42 U.S.C. § 12181 (§ 301 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990)
Relies on Southeastern Community College v. Davis · School Board of Nassau County Florida v. H Arline · Alexander v. Choate · Jean v. Nelson · Voinovich v. Quilter
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 123 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“mindful of the general principle that courts will not second-guess the public health and safety decisions of state legislatures acting within their traditional police powers,”
7 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“when the modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability, unless the public entity can demonstrate that making the modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the service, program, or activity.”
6 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[N]o qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.”
4 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.