15 U.S.C. § 2601
Section 2601 · Findings, policy, and intent
This is § 2 of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
Amended 3 times on record
Applied in 183 court decisions — leading case Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt (1992)
Most recently applied in Environmental Defense Fund v. EPA (December 2024)
Cases citing this section usually also cite 42 U.S.C. § 9601 · 15 U.S.C. § 2605 · 42 U.S.C. § 6901
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
The Congress finds that—
human beings and the environment are being exposed each year to a large number of chemical substances and mixtures;
among the many chemical substances and mixtures which are constantly being developed and produced, there are some whose manufacture, processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment; and
the effective regulation of interstate commerce in such chemical substances and mixtures also necessitates the regulation of intrastate commerce in such chemical substances and mixtures.
It is the policy of the United States that—
adequate information should be developed with respect to the effect of chemical substances and mixtures on health and the environment and that the development of such information should be the responsibility of those who manufacture and those who process such chemical substances and mixtures;
adequate authority should exist to regulate chemical substances and mixtures which present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, and to take action with respect to chemical substances and mixtures which are imminent hazards; and
authority over chemical substances and mixtures should be exercised in such a manner as not to impede unduly or create unnecessary economic barriers to technological innovation while fulfilling the primary purpose of this chapter to assure that such innovation and commerce in such chemical substances and mixtures do not present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment.
It is the intent of Congress that the Administrator shall carry out this chapter in a reasonable and prudent manner, and that the Administrator shall consider the environmental, economic, and social impact of any action the Administrator takes or proposes as provided under this chapter.
Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Amendments
2016—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 114–182, § 19(b), substituted “information” for “data” in two places.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 114–182, § 2, substituted “proposes as provided” for “proposes to take”.
Effective Date
Section 31 of title I of Pub. L. 94–469; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 99–519, § 3(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2989, provided that: “Except as provided in section 4(f) [section 2603(f) of this title], this Act [enacting this chapter] shall take effect on January 1, 1977.”
Short Title of 2016 Amendment
Pub. L. 114–182, § 1(a), June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 448, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 280g–17 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending this section, sections 2602 to 2611, 2613 to 2615, 2617 to 2620, 2623, 2625 to 2627, and 2629 of this title, section 6939f of Title 42, and section 254 of Title 47, Telecommunications, repealing section 2624 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, section 280g–17 of Title 42, and sections 254 and 609 of Title 47] may be cited as the ‘Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act’.”
Short Title of 2010 Amendment
Pub. L. 111–199, § 1, July 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 1359, provided that: “This Act [enacting subchapter VI of this chapter and provisions set out as a note under section 2697 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products Act’.”
Short Title of 2008 Amendment
Pub. L. 110–414, § 1, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4341, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 6939f of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 2605 and 2611 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2611 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Mercury Export Ban Act of 2008’.”
Short Title of 1992 Amendment
Pub. L. 102–550, title X, § 1021(c), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3924, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle B (§ 1021) of title X of Pub. L. 102–550, enacting sections 2681 to 2692 of this title and amending sections 2606, 2610, 2612, 2615, 2616, 2618, and 2619 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Lead-Based Paint Exposure Reduction Act’.”
Short Title of 1986 Amendment
Pub. L. 99–519, § 1, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2970, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2641 to 2654 of this title and section 4022 of Title 20, Education, amending sections 2614, 2618, and 2619 of this title and sections 4014 and 4021 of Title 20, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 4014 of Title 20] may be cited as the ‘Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act of 1986’.”
Short Title
Pub. L. 94–469, § 1, Oct. 11, 1976, 90 Stat. 2003; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 99–519, § 3(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2989, provided that: “This Act [enacting this chapter and provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Toxic Substances Control Act’.”
No Retroactivity of Pub. L. 114–182 Amendments
Pub. L. 114–182, title I, § 20, June 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 510, provided that: “Nothing in sections 1 through 19 [amending this section, sections 2602 to 2611, 2613 to 2615, 2617 to 2620, 2623, 2625 to 2627, and 2629 of this title, and section 6939f of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing section 2624 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section], or the amendments made by sections 1 through 19, shall be interpreted to apply retroactively to any State, Federal, or maritime legal action filed before the date of enactment of this Act [June 22, 2016].”
Federal Compliance With Pollution Control Standards
For provisions relating to the responsibility of the head of each Executive agency for compliance with applicable pollution control standards, see Ex. Ord. No. 12088, Oct. 13, 1978, 43 F.R. 47707, set out as a note under section 4321 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.