21 U.S.C. § 1906
Section 1906 · Enforcement
Amended 1 time on record
Applied in 3 court decisions — leading case Cortez v. Trans Union, LLC (2010)
Most recently applied in Samark Lopez Bello v. Andrea Gacki (March 2024)
How often courts cite this section
Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.
(1) Whoever willfully violates the provisions of this chapter, or any license rule, or regulation issued pursuant to this chapter, or willfully neglects or refuses to comply with any order of the President issued under this chapter shall be—
(A) imprisoned for not more than 10 years,
(B) fined in the amount provided in title 18 or, in the case of an entity, fined not more than $10,000,000,
or both.
(2) Any officer, director, or agent of any entity who knowingly participates in a violation of the provisions of this chapter shall be imprisoned for not more than 30 years, fined not more than $5,000,000, or both.
A civil penalty not to exceed $1,000,000 may be imposed by the Secretary of the Treasury on any person who violates any license, order, rule, or regulation issued in compliance with the provisions of this chapter.
Any penalty imposed under subsection (b) of this section shall be subject to judicial review only to the extent provided in section 702 of title 5.