State v. Barton

                                      481

 Argued and submitted June 20, 2019; convictions on Counts 1 and 7 reversed
and remanded for entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully taking wildlife,
convictions on Counts 3 and 8 reversed and remanded for entry of conviction for
 one count of unlawfully taking wildlife, remanded for resentencing, otherwise
                             affirmed June 3, 2020


                       STATE OF OREGON,
                        Plaintiff-Respondent,
                                  v.
                      DAVID JOHN BARTON,
                       Defendant-Appellant.
                    Douglas County Circuit Court
                       17CR25447; A166775
                                  

     Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction for two counts each of taking and
possessing two different buck deer in violation of the wildlife laws: one buck in
2016 (Counts 1 and 7) and one buck in 2015 (Counts 3 and 8). See ORS 498.002(1)
(“No person shall angle for, take, hunt, trap or possess, or assist another in
angling for, taking, hunting, trapping or possessing any wildlife in violation
of the wildlife laws or of any rule promulgated pursuant thereto.”). On appeal,
defendant contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that the taking
counts (Counts 7 and 8) did not merge with the possession counts (Counts 1 and
3). Specifically, defendant contends that the trial court erred when it ruled that
ORS 161.067 precluded merger of Count 1 with Count 7 for the 2016 buck and
merger of Count 3 with Count 8 for the 2015 buck. Held: The trial court erred
when it ruled that ORS 161.067 precluded merger of Counts 1 and 7 and Counts
3 and 8.
    Convictions on Counts 1 and 7 reversed and remanded for entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully taking wildlife; convictions on Counts 3 and 8
reversed and remanded for entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully taking
wildlife; remanded for resentencing; otherwise affirmed.



    George William Ambrosini, Judge.
   Sara F. Werboff, Deputy Public Defender, argued the
cause for appellant. Also on the brief was Ernest G. Lannet,
Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
   Peenesh Shah, Assistant Attorney General, argued the
cause for respondent. Also on the brief were Ellen F. Rosenblum,
Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General.
  Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Tookey, Judge,
and Shorr, Judge.
482                                         State v. Barton

  TOOKEY, J.
    Convictions on Counts 1 and 7 reversed and remanded for
entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully taking wildlife; convictions on Counts 3 and 8 reversed and remanded
for entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully taking
wildlife; remanded for resentencing; otherwise affirmed.
Cite as 

 (2020)                             483

        TOOKEY, J.
         Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction for two
counts each of taking and possessing two different buck deer
in violation of the wildlife laws: one buck in 2016 (Counts
1 and 7) and one buck in 2015 (Counts 3 and 8). See ORS
498.002(1) (“No person shall angle for, take, hunt, trap or
possess, or assist another in angling for, taking, hunting,
trapping or possessing any wildlife in violation of the wildlife laws or of any rule promulgated pursuant thereto.”);
ORS 496.992(1) (“Except as otherwise provided by this section or other law, a violation of any provision of the wildlife
laws, or any rule adopted pursuant to the wildlife laws, is
a Class A misdemeanor if the offense is committed with a
culpable mental state.”).
         On appeal, defendant raises three assignments of
error, the first of which we reject without further discussion. With regard to defendant’s second and third assignments of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred
when it concluded that the taking counts (Counts 7 and 8)
did not merge with the possession counts (Counts 1 and 3).
Specifically, defendant contends that the trial court erred
when it ruled that ORS 161.067 precluded merger of Count 1
with Count 7 for the 2016 buck and merger of Count 3 with
Count 8 for the 2015 buck. For the reasons that follow, we
agree with defendant, and conclude that the trial court erred
when it ruled that ORS 161.067 precluded merger of Counts
1 and 7 and Counts 3 and 8. Accordingly, we reverse and
remand Counts 1 and 7 for entry of conviction for one count
of unlawfully taking wildlife, and we reverse and remand
Counts 3 and 8 for entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully taking wildlife.
                    I. BACKGROUND
         “We review the sentencing court’s determination of
whether to merge verdicts for errors of law,” and “we state
the facts underlying that ruling in the light most favorable
to the state; that is, in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s conclusion that merger was not required.” State v.
Oldham, 

, 

 (2019) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). The following summary of historical facts is based on the testimony of the
484                                                        State v. Barton

state’s main witness, Trooper Andrews, and the exhibits
entered into evidence by the state; defendant did not present
any evidence.
A.    Historical Facts
          The investigation into defendant began on November
25, 2015, when Trooper Andrews of the Oregon State Police’s
Fish and Wildlife Division noticed some of defendant’s
Facebook posts on a black tail deer hunting page. Defendant
posted a picture of a “four by four” buck deer “with a very
unique antler configuration” and a comment that read,
“snuck in on this odd fella[,] … [h]e’s still got some velvet
on him.”1 Based on his training and experience, Andrews
knew that “[d]uring the rifle season it would be very rare”
for a buck to still have velvet on its antlers. Andrews continued to investigate defendant’s Facebook profile and was
able to identify defendant. Andrews also observed posts
detailing defendant’s hunting efforts with his wife during
the 2015 deer hunting season. On October 7, 2015, defendant’s wife had posted a picture of defendant in camouflage
holding a scoped rifle to her Facebook profile and defendant
commented, “gonna skin me a buck and throw it in my truck
… [a]nd girl, you’re in luck because my lyrics don’t suck.”
         Andrews’s investigation into defendant’s Facebook
profile uncovered numerous photographs of black tail deer.
On October 31, 2016, defendant posted a photograph of himself to his Facebook profile holding two freshly severed deer
legs and “what appear[ed] to be some blood wiped on his
face.” Based on his training and experience, Andrews knew
that “there are people in the hunting community that, after
a fresh kill, take the blood of their animal and … smear it
on their face.” Accordingly, Andrews “believe[d] that it was
a picture … taken relatively soon after the animal was
taken.” On November 11, 2016, defendant posted a photograph of a “four by six” buck skull that was hung up on a
pressure treated post. Andrews believed that the deer had
been killed “a couple of weeks” before the picture was taken,

    1
      By way of example, a “four by four” buck’s antlers have four countable
points on the left side and four countable points on the right side. We use that
terminology for counting points throughout this opinion in order to distinguish
between the different bucks that were involved in this case.
Cite as 

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because of the muscle, pink tissue, and cartilage on the
skull.
         On November 14, 2016, defendant posted another
picture of the same “four by six” buck skull with the caption,
“got this heavy horned four by six during rifle season,” shot
it “through the back of the neck [and the bullet came] out
the front[,] … [h]e was bedded down,” I “slit his throat to
seal the deal and killed [him in] late October.” Based on the
configuration of the antlers, Andrews believed that the buck
in the picture from 2016 was a different buck than the buck
in the pictures from 2015.
         To further his investigation, Andrews conducted a
query in the hunting license database to determine whether
defendant had any deer tags for 2015, and 2016. Andrews
discovered that defendant did not have any deer tags or a
hunting license in 2015 or 2016 and could not lawfully take a
deer in Oregon those years. Andrews found out where defendant’s home was located in Douglas County, and Andrews
began drafting an affidavit for a search warrant.
         Andrews obtained a warrant to search defendant’s
home and property and executed it on March 19, 2017.
Defendant was home, and Andrews read defendant the
search warrant and read defendant his Miranda rights from
a prepared card. Defendant confirmed that he understood
his rights and agreed to talk with Andrews. Andrews showed
defendant the pictures that he had copied from defendant’s
Facebook profile and explained to defendant that he was
looking for evidence of the bucks that were depicted in the
pictures.
         Defendant initially denied unlawfully taking the
bucks but, eventually, defendant provided Andrews with the
antlers and skulls. Defendant admitted that he had unlawfully taken the “four by four” buck without a license or tag
on November 1, 2015, and Andrews seized the skull and
antlers of that buck. Upon further questioning, defendant
also admitted that he had unlawfully taken the “four by
six” buck without a license or tag on October 31, 2016, and
Andrews seized the skull and antlers of that buck as well.
No deer tags were attached to the skulls, and Andrews cited
defendant for multiple wildlife violations.
486                                                        State v. Barton

B.    Procedural History
         Defendant was charged by information with eight
counts of criminal wildlife violations under ORS 498.002 and
ORS 496.992.2 With respect to the 2016 “four by six” buck,
Count 1 alleged that, on March 19, 2017, defendant unlawfully and knowingly possessed the 2016 four by six buck,
and Count 2 alleged that he also violated the wildlife laws
by knowingly possessing the 2016 buck without the proper
tags on March 19, 2017. Count 7 alleged that, in an act constituting a common scheme or plan with Counts 1 and 2,
defendant violated the wildlife laws by taking the 2016
buck without a valid hunting license or tag on October 31,
2016.
         As to the 2015 “four by four” buck, Count 3 alleged
that, on March 19, 2017, defendant unlawfully and knowingly possessed the 2015 buck, and Count 4 alleged that
he also violated the wildlife laws by knowingly possessing
the 2015 buck without the proper tags on March 19, 2017.
Count 8 alleged that, in an act constituting a common
scheme or plan with Counts 3 and 4, defendant violated the
wildlife laws by taking the 2015 buck without a valid hunting license or tag on November 1, 2015.
         In a bench trial, defendant was found guilty of
unlawfully possessing a game mammal (Counts 1, 2, 3,
and 4) and of unlawfully taking a game mammal (counts 7
and 8). As noted, Counts 1, 2, and 7 were related to the 2016
buck. Counts 3, 4, and 8 were related to the 2015 buck.
         At sentencing, the state acknowledged that, under
ORS 161.067, “Counts 1 and 2 should merge into one conviction and Counts 3 and 4 should merge into one conviction” because the two groups of charges were each based
on defendant’s unlawful possession of a buck on the same
date.3 However, as to Counts 7 and 8, the state argued that
   2
     Defendant was also charged with counts relating to a 2014 buck (Counts 5
and 6). He was found not guilty on those counts.
   3
     ORS 161.067 provides, in pertinent part:
        “(1) When the same conduct or criminal episode violates two or more
   statutory provisions and each provision requires proof of an element that the
   others do not, there are as many separately punishable offenses as there are
   separate statutory violations.
Cite as 

 (2020)                                                487

Count 7 for taking the 2016 buck should not merge with
Counts 1 and 2 for possessing the 2016 buck, and that
Count 8 for taking the 2015 buck should not merge with
Counts 3 and 4 for possessing the 2015 buck.
         The state argued that, under ORS 161.067(1), the
taking and possession counts should not merge because
defendant’s conduct violated two or more statutory provisions and that each provision contained an element that the
other did not. The state asserted that “the legislature did
not intend to define a single crime in ORS 498.002” because
“ORS 498.002 references violations of the wildlife laws and
rules,” and, “[w]ith this reference, ORS 498.002 specifically
points to the Oregon Administrative rules developed by [the
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife].” The state noted
that OAR 635-065-0765 sets forth the legal restrictions for
possessing game animals, whereas OAR 635-065-0015 sets
forth the legal tag requirements for hunting game, and that
violations of those administrative rules require proof of different elements.
         The state also argued that, under ORS 161.067(3),
the unlawful taking counts (Counts 7 and 8) should not
merge with the respective possession counts (Counts 1 and 3)
because defendant’s taking of the bucks was not part of the
same criminal episode as the possession of the bucks. The
state contended that the possession crimes were separated
by a sufficient pause, and that defendant had the opportunity to renounce his criminal intent after unlawfully taking

        “(2) When the same conduct or criminal episode, though violating only
    one statutory provision involves two or more victims, there are as many separately punishable offenses as there are victims. ….
        “…
        “(3) When the same conduct or criminal episode violates only one statutory provision and involves only one victim, but nevertheless involves
    repeated violations of the same statutory provision against the same victim,
    there are as many separately punishable offenses as there are violations,
    except that each violation, to be separately punishable under this subsection, must be separated from other such violations by a sufficient pause in
    the defendant’s criminal conduct to afford the defendant an opportunity to
    renounce the criminal intent.”
    The state did not argue that ORS 161.067(2) precluded merger of any of the
guilty verdicts in this case because the State of Oregon was the only victim of the
defendant’s wildlife violations. See ORS 498.002(1) (“Wildlife is the property of
the state.”).
488                                                State v. Barton

the bucks, but he chose to retain possession of the skulls
for several months after he had killed the bucks. See ORS
496.004(16) (defining “take” as “to kill or obtain possession
or control of any wildlife”).
         Defendant argued that Counts 1, 2, and 7 were all
part of the same criminal episode, that Counts 3, 4, and 8
were all part of the same criminal episode, and that his conduct only violated a single statutory provision. Accordingly,
defendant contended that ORS 161.067(1) did not preclude
merger of Counts 2 and 7 into Count 1 for the violations
involving the 2016 buck or preclude merger of Counts 4
and 8 into Count 3 for the violations involving the 2015 buck.
Furthermore, defendant contended that merger was not precluded under ORS 161.067(3), because “the state … failed
to demonstrate that there was a pause between the act of
killing of a buck, the act of taking possession of a buck, or
any break in [defendant’s] possession of a buck.”
         The trial court merged the guilty verdicts on Counts
1 and 2 into a single conviction on Count 1 for the unlawful
possession of the 2016 buck. The trial court also merged the
guilty verdicts on Counts 3 and 4 into a single conviction on
Count 3 for the unlawful possession of the 2015 buck. The
trial court further concluded, however, that the guilty verdict for Count 7 did not merge into Counts 1 and 2, and that
the guilty verdict for Count 8 did not merge into Counts 3
and 4. The court explained:
      “With respect to Counts 7 and 8, in terms of the statutory scheme, including the merger statute, determining
   punishable offenses for violation of multiple, multiple statutory provisions, multiple victims or repeated violations.
      “In terms of [ORS 161.067(3)], the Court, and upon
   review, and actually the Court was the finder of fact in
   this case as well. So it’s in a position to, the factual finder
   with the defendant having waived, waived a jury trial. The
   Court finds that this involves a different criminal episode
   and conduct, these two Counts from the, the other Counts.
      “Measures of different dates, a considerable passage of
   time. Also, in reviewing the facts, that there is also sufficient evidence to support a finding with respect to statutory
   provisions that the evidence supports the finding that the
Cite as 

 (2020)                                   489

   crimes were separated from the other violations by a sufficient pause. And the defendant’s criminal conduct afforded
   the defendant an opportunity to renounce the criminal
   intent.
       “So, based upon the entire record, different episode and
   different conduct, sufficient pause in the conduct, and separate provisions, as well[,] … [t]he Court finds that those
   two provisions do not merge.”
         Hence, the trial court made three conclusions in
support of its ruling that the possession counts did not merge
into the taking counts. First, the trial court concluded that
defendant’s acts were not part of the same criminal episode.
Second, the trial court ruled that ORS 161.067(3) precluded
merger, because defendant’s taking of the bucks and possession of the bucks’ remains were separated by a sufficient
pause. Third, the trial court ruled that ORS 161.067(1) precluded merger because the act of taking a buck and the act
of possessing a buck violated separate statutory provisions,
which required proof of different elements. Accordingly, the
trial court entered a judgment of conviction on Counts 1, 3,
7, and 8.
         On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court’s
merger ruling was incorrect in all three respects. Defendant
argues that ORS 161.067(3) did not prevent merger because
his “conduct was part of the same criminal episode and was
not separated by a sufficient pause,” and that ORS 161.067(1)
did not prevent merger because his “conduct violated only one
statutory provision.” The state argues that ORS 161.067(1)
and (3) precluded merger “because [defendant] was convicted
separately for killing and possessing each of those deer, his
crimes with respect to each deer violated multiple statutory
provisions, were not part of the same criminal episode, and
were separated by a sufficient pause.”
                         II. ANALYSIS
         “In determining whether multiple violations of the
law must merge, we look to the anti-merger statute, ORS
161.067, because, if the circumstances described in the statute do not exist, then the conduct or criminal episode results
in a single conviction.” Oldham, 

 (internal
490                                                          State v. Barton

quotation marks omitted). As noted, the issue in this case is
whether ORS 161.067(1) and (3) precluded merger.
           Again, that statute provides, in pertinent part:
        “(1) When the same conduct or criminal episode violates two or more statutory provisions and each provision
     requires proof of an element that the others do not, there
     are as many separately punishable offenses as there are
     separate statutory violations.
        “…
        “(3) When the same conduct or criminal episode violates
     only one statutory provision and involves only one victim,
     but nevertheless involves repeated violations of the same
     statutory provision against the same victim, there are as
     many separately punishable offenses as there are violations, except that each violation, to be separately punishable under this subsection, must be separated from other
     such violations by a sufficient pause in the defendant’s
     criminal conduct to afford the defendant an opportunity to
     renounce the criminal intent.”
ORS 161.067 (emphases added).
A.    Same Conduct or Criminal Episode
          Because ORS 161.067(1) and (3) both require merger
only if the violations were committed by the same conduct or
during the same criminal episode, we begin by determining
whether the trial court erred when it concluded that defendant’s crimes were not part of the same criminal episode.
         Two crimes are part of the same criminal episode
if they are “cross-related,” which means that “a complete
account of each crime necessarily include details of the
other.” State v. Witherspoon, 

, 

 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).4
    4
      Although Witherspoon involved analyzing the criminal episode test under
ORS 131.505(4) to calculate the defendant’s criminal history score using double
jeopardy principles, its analysis is relevant here. 

; see ORS
131.505(4) (defining “criminal episode” as “continuous and uninterrupted conduct
that establishes at least one offense and is so joined in time, place and circumstances that such conduct is directed to the accomplishment of a single criminal
objective”); State v. Kayfes, 

, 

, rev den, 

(2007) (applying the definition of “criminal episode” under ORS 131.505(4) when
conducting a merger analysis under ORS 161.067(3)).
Cite as 

 (2020)                              491

         In Witherspoon, we applied ORS 131.505(4) in the
context of an episode of domestic violence that lasted for
more than five hours. Id. at 318-19. During that time, the
defendant had “grabbed [the victim’s] hair and pulled her
head back, aggravating a bulging disc in her neck, …
referr[ed] to her in derogatory terms,” “pulled a kitchen knife
out of a drawer and forcibly placed it in her hand, yelling at
her to stab him with it,” pulled a phone cord out of the wall
when the victim was attempting to call 9-1-1 for help, and
threw the victim against a bookshelf when she was attempting to leave her residence with her child. Id. at 318-19. The
defendant was convicted of three crimes: (1) misdemeanor
assault, for pulling the victim’s head back and aggravating
her neck injury; (2) menacing, for placing the victim in fear of
imminent physical injury when he shook her and displayed
a knife; and (3) felony fourth-degree assault, for throwing
the victim against the bookshelf. Id. The trial court in
Witherspoon concluded that the misdemeanor assault and
the menacing occurred during the same criminal episode,
but that the felony assault was part of a separate criminal
episode. Id. at 319-20. Consequently, when sentencing defendant on the felony assault charge, it sentenced defendant on
the sentencing guidelines grid block using a criminal history score that included both the misdemeanor assault and
menacing convictions. Id.
         We reversed, holding that, because the menacing
and felony assault charges “arose from continuous and uninterrupted conduct by defendant that was joined in time,
place, and circumstances,” and that “shared a common criminal objective of harassing and injuring the victim through
physical and emotional abuse,” the “record d[id] not support
the trial court’s conclusion” that those charges constituted
separate criminal episodes. Id. at 323-26.
          In so holding, we recognized that when a defendant’s initial criminal objective “continue[s] throughout the
[criminal] episode,” the addition of another objective does
not support a conclusion that there were multiple criminal
episodes. See id. at 325 (“[D]efendant may have acquired the
additional objective in [their child’s] bedroom … to stop
[the victim] from taking [their child] with her as she tried
to flee from defendant, [but] defendant’s earlier and ongoing
492                                            State v. Barton

criminal objective to harass and abuse [the victim] continued throughout the episode.”). Additionally, the “proper
application” of ORS 131.505(4) requires that we “focus on
[a defendant’s] overarching criminal objective,” notwithstanding new criminal objectives that a defendant may
develop during the course of a criminal episode. Id. at 325
n 6 (the defendant’s “conduct in ripping the telephone cord
out of the wall … did, in fact, add a new criminal objective
to the criminal episode,” however, “the addition of another
criminal objective does not detract from the focus on the
overarching criminal objective that is required”); see also
State v. Kautz, 

, 

, rev den, 

 (2002) (the “parsing of defendant’s criminal objective
is inconsistent with the intent of ORS 131.505(4)”).
          In this case, the state argues that “the crimes
within each pair of convictions for a particular deer were
not cross-related because … each pair involved one conviction for possessing a deer in violation of wildlife laws and
another conviction for taking the deer in violation of wildlife
laws.” According to the state, “[k]illing a deer and possessing it are two different criminal objectives.” Under the facts
of this case, we disagree with the state’s parsing of defendant’s criminal objective. See State v. Tooley, 

, 

, rev den, 

 (2014) (“ ‘[A] single
criminal objective’ may encompass multiple related, though
distinct, criminal objectives; in particular, that is so when
… the separate crimes are committed in service of an ultimate and discrete criminal goal.”).
         Here, the facts demonstrate that defendant’s overarching criminal goal was to unlawfully take wildlife for his
own use. The killing and possession of the bucks were both
crimes “committed in service of [that] ultimate and discrete
criminal goal.” Id.; see also Witherspoon, 

(“[T]o accept that defendant’s criminal objective changed
over the course of the [domestic] abuse would improperly
parse defendant’s criminal objective.”). Defendant’s possession of the bucks furthered defendant’s primary and overarching objective to unlawfully take state wildlife for his
own use. See Tooley, 

 (“Two or more offenses
may be directed toward more than one criminal objective
and still be part of the same criminal episode, as long as
Cite as 

 (2020)                           493

they reasonably can be seen to be directed toward a single
overarching criminal objective.” (Internal quotation marks
omitted.)).
         Because the conduct underlying Counts 1 and 7 for
the 2016 buck and Counts 3 and 8 for the 2015 buck were
each directed toward a common criminal objective, we conclude that the record does not support the trial court’s conclusion that those groups of crimes were not each part of
the same criminal episode. Moreover, as we explain in more
detail below, the evidence suggests that defendant’s conduct
with respect to each set of charges was continuous, uninterrupted, and not separated by a sufficient pause, and the
state offered no evidence to the contrary. Under the facts
of this case and the law, defendant’s conduct, as charged,
of “taking” the bucks could have simultaneously reduced
them to his “possession,” and there is no evidence that
defendant’s possession of the bucks was not continuous. See
ORS 496.004(16) (defining “take” as “to kill or obtain possession or control of any wildlife”); OAR 635-045-0002(53)
(defining “possession” as “to have physical possession or to
otherwise exercise dominion or control over any wildlife or
parts thereof” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, we proceed to
determine whether ORS 161.067(1) or (3) precluded merger
in this case.
B.   “Two or More Statutory Provisions” under ORS 161.067(1)
         ORS 161.067(1) provides, “When the same conduct
or criminal episode violates two or more statutory provisions and each provision requires proof of an element that
the others do not, there are as many separately punishable offenses as there are separate statutory violations.”
Accordingly, ORS 161.067(1) authorizes separately punishable offenses only when three conditions are met: “(1) the
defendant’s actions qualify as the same conduct or criminal
episode; (2) the defendant’s actions violate more than one
separate statutory provision; and (3) each separate statutory provision requires proof of an element that the other
provision(s) do not.” Martinez v. Cain, 

,

 (2020). The remaining dispute under ORS
161.067(1) centers on whether the second requirement is
met—viz., whether “defendant’s actions violate[d] more than
494                                                        State v. Barton

one separate statutory provision.” 

 To determine whether
that requirement is satisfied, “we must determine whether
the legislature intended to create two crimes or only one.”
State v. White, 

, 

 (2009). In other
words, “[w]hether two statutes (or two sections, subsections,
or paragraphs of a statute) are ‘separate statutory provisions’ for the purposes of ORS 161.067 depends on whether
the legislature intended to create two crimes as opposed to,
for example, two ways of committing the same crime.” State
v. Gensitskiy, 

, 

 (2019).
         In this case, in Counts 1 and 3, the state charged
defendant with the unlawful “possession” of wildlife under
ORS 498.002, ORS 496.992, and OAR 635-065-0765. In
Counts 7 and 8, the state charged defendant with unlawful
“taking” of wildlife under ORS 498.002, ORS 496.992, and
OAR 635-065-0015. Both of the violations of rules adopted
under the wildlife laws in this case stemmed from defendant’s failure to purchase a hunting license and tags for the
relevant hunting seasons.5
         ORS 498.002(1) provides, in pertinent part, that
“[n]o person shall angle for, take, hunt, trap or possess …
any wildlife in violation of the wildlife laws or of any rule
promulgated pursuant thereto.” ORS 496.992(1) provides
that that conduct is a crime when accompanied by a culpable mental state. See State v. Cho, 

, 

 (1984) (to commit a wildlife crime, a defendant
must act with a culpable mental state, if not, it is a violation); ORS 496.992(1) (“[A] violation of any provision of the
wildlife laws, or any rule adopted pursuant to the wildlife
laws, is a Class A misdemeanor if the offense is committed
with a culpable mental state.”). Because it is undisputed

    5
      OAR 635-065-0015(1) provides, “Any person hunting game mammals for
which a tag is required must have on their person a valid tag for the dates, area
and species being hunted.” OAR 635-065-0765(2) provides, “When the owner of
any game mammal tag kills a game mammal for which a paper tag is issued, the
owner shall immediately validate the tag by writing on the tag, in ink, the date
and time of harvest, and the Wildlife Management Unit where harvest occurred;
and attach the tag in plain sight securely to the game mammal.” Finally, OAR
635-065-0765(4) provides, “The required information, or paper game mammal
tag, must be maintained in legible condition at all times. The tag shall be kept
attached to such carcass or remain with any parts thereof so long as the same are
preserved.”
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 (2020)                                495

that the possession and taking crimes both implicate ORS
498.002(1), we must decide whether, by referencing the
violation of any wildlife rule, the legislature intended to
treat a person’s taking and possession of wildlife as violating more than one statutory provision. For the following
reasons, we conclude that the answer to that question is
no.

         In that regard, the Supreme Court’s opinion in State
v. White, 

, 

 (2006), is instructive. In
White, the court examined the first-degree burglary statute, ORS 164.225, and determined, based on the text of the
statute, that the legislature had intended to create only one
crime. After an incident in which the defendant had entered
his former girlfriend’s apartment and assaulted her, the
defendant was convicted of two counts of first-degree burglary for (1) entering and remaining in a building with the
intent to commit assault; and (2) entering and remaining in
a building with the intent to commit menacing. White, 

. Looking at the “clear words of the statute,”
the court noted that the burglary statutes require “intent to
commit a crime”—that is “any crime;” it is irrelevant what
crime the defendant intends to commit. 

 (emphasis in original). For that reason, the court determined that
the text of the statute did not “suggest a legislative intent
to treat a single unlawful entry or remainder as violating
more than one ‘statutory provision’ based on the burglar’s
intent to commit more than one crime inside the building.”

         By its terms, ORS 498.002(1) defines a single crime
if committed with a culpable mental state pursuant to ORS
496.992(1)—the unlawful angling, taking, hunting, trapping or possession of any wildlife. As noted, ORS 498.002
prohibits angling for, taking, hunting, trapping or possessing wildlife if the person does so in violation of “any [wildlife]
rule.” (Emphasis added.) See White, 

 (observing that the burglary statutes require intent to commit “any
crime” and it is irrelevant what crime the defendant intends
to commit, and concluding that the text of the statute did
not “suggest a legislative intent to treat a single unlawful
entry or remainder as violating more than one ‘statutory
496                                          State v. Barton

provision’ based on the burglar’s intent to commit more than
one crime inside the building”). Under the express terms
of ORS 498.002(1), angling for, taking, hunting, trapping or
possessing wildlife becomes criminal when it is done with a
culpable mental state and in violation of any wildlife rule,
but, just as in White, that does not necessarily suggest that
legislature intended to treat a single instance of unlawful
taking and possession of wildlife as violating more than
one statutory provision based on the defendant’s intent to
commit more than wildlife violation. See Gensitskiy, 

 (the use of a single section or subsection to define
a crime is an indication that the legislature intended to
define a single crime); compare 

 (concluding
“that the identity theft statute and the aggravated identity
theft statute are separate statutory provisions” for purposes
of merger under ORS 161.067(1) because they “are separate statutes, in which the legislature has defined crimes
to which it has attached different names, classifications,
and consequences”) with State v. Yong, 

, 

, rev den, 

 (2006) (concluding
that that the various forms of felony fourth-degree assault
under ORS 163.160(3) do not constitute separate statutory
provisions for purposes of merger). The text in context of
ORS 498.002(1) indicates that the legislature intended to
create one crime to punish persons who violate any wildlife
law or rule when that violation of the rules involves angling
for, taking, hunting, trapping, or possessing wildlife with a
culpable metal state, e.g., the unlawful acquisition of state
property. See ORS 498.002(1) (“Wildlife is property of the
state.”).
         The text of ORS 498.002(1) when viewed in the context of the other wildlife laws in ORS chapter 498 further
reinforces that conclusion. See State v. Klein, 

, 

 (2012) (a statutes context includes “related
statutes”). The legislature has enacted numerous separate
statutory provisions that criminalize specific violations of
the wildlife rules. For example, OAR 635-065-0745(3) provides that it is unlawful to “hunt any game mammal with
dogs, except western gray squirrel.” ORS 498.164 criminalizes that conduct in a more specific manner and provides,
in pertinent part, that it is a Class A misdemeanor to “use
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one or more dogs to hunt or pursue black bears or cougars.”
Likewise, OAR 635-065-0745(6) provides that it is unlawful
to “cast from or within 500 feet of a motor vehicle an artificial light on game mammals, predatory animals or livestock
while having in possession or immediate physical presence
a weapon with which the game mammals or livestock could
be killed.” ORS 498.146(1) criminalizes that conduct, when
the violation of that law is done with a culpable mental state
pursuant to ORS 496.992(1). ORS 498.146(1) provides:
      “No person shall cast from a motor vehicle or from within
   500 feet of a motor vehicle an artificial light upon any game
   mammal, predatory animal or livestock while there is in
   the possession or in the immediate physical presence of the
   person a weapon with which the game mammal, predatory
   animal or livestock could be killed.”

         Also pertinent to this analysis is OAR 635-065-
0750(2), which provides, in part, that it is unlawful to
“waste any game mammal or parts thereof.” Again, the legislature has specifically criminalized that conduct under
ORS 498.042(3) when the violation of that law is done with
a culpable mental state pursuant to ORS 496.992(1). ORS
498.042(3) provides, “No person shall waste any edible portion of any game mammal, game bird or game fish or the
pelt of any fur-bearing mammal.” Thus, by criminalizing
that specific conduct in a separate statutory provision, the
legislature has expressed an indication that leaving an animal to waste is more egregious than making use of the game
animal or parts thereof. In other words, by taking possession
of the bucks, defendant did what he was otherwise lawfully
required to do if he had taken the bucks with the appropriate tags. The purpose of ORS 161.067 is to ensure that a
defendant’s convictions “accurately portray the nature and
extent of [the defendant’s] conduct.” State v. Crotsley, 

, 

 (1989).
        Additionally, “Take” is defined as “to kill or obtain
possession or control of any wildlife.” ORS 496.004(16). As
such, the definition of “take” allows for defendant’s acts to
constitute “two ways of committing the same crime” under
ORS 498.002, which also indicates that the legislature did
not intend to create separate statutory provisions when a
498                                                         State v. Barton

person takes and possesses wildlife in violation of any wildlife rule. Gensitskiy, 

.6

         The fact that the legislature has enacted numerous
separate statutory provisions that criminalize specific violations of the wildlife rules, including leaving a game animal
to waste, strongly suggests that the legislature intended to
create one crime under ORS 498.002(1) when a person violates any wildlife rule, and that violation involves angling
for, taking, hunting, trapping, or possessing wildlife with
a culpable mental state. Based on the text and context of
ORS 498.002(1), we conclude that the legislature intended
to create only one crime under ORS 498.002(1) when a person angles for, takes, hunts, traps, or possesses wildlife in
violation of the wildlife laws or rules. Because we conclude
that defendant’s actions violated only one statutory provision, ORS 161.067(1) does not preclude merger of the guilty
verdicts for defendant’s taking and possession of wildlife.
Accordingly, the trial court erred when it concluded that
ORS 161.067(1) precluded merger of the guilty verdicts for
defendant’s violations of ORS 498.002(1) because defendant’s
conduct violated only one statutory provision.

C. “Sufficient Pause” under ORS 161.067(3)

           As relevant here, ORS 161.067(3) provides:
       “When the same conduct or criminal episode violates
    only one statutory provision and involves only one victim,
    but nevertheless involves repeated violations of the same
    statutory provision against the same victim, there are as
    many separately punishable offenses as there are violations, except that each violation, to be separately punishable under this subsection, must be separated from other
    such violations by a sufficient pause in the defendant’s

     6
       “Hunt” is defined as “to take or attempt to take any wildlife by means
involving the use of a weapon or with the assistance of any mammal or bird.”
ORS 496.004(10). “Trap” is defined as “to take or attempt to take any wildlife by
means involving the use of a trap, net, snare or other device used for the purpose
of capture.” ORS 496.004(18). Thus, hunting and trapping are also “two [more]
ways of committing the same crime” by unlawfully “taking” wildlife under ORS
498.002. Gensitskiy, 

; see also ORS 496.004(1) (defining “angle” as
“to take or attempt to take a fish for personal use by means involving hook and
line”).
Cite as 

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   criminal conduct to afford the defendant an opportunity to
   renounce the criminal intent.”

(Emphasis added.)
         “[T]o support the entry of multiple convictions for
the same offense under ORS 161.067(3), one crime must end
before another begins and each crime must be separated from
the others by a sufficient pause in the defendant’s criminal
conduct to afford him an opportunity to renounce his criminal intent.” State v. West-Howell, 

,

 (2016), rev den, 

 (2017) (emphasis in
original). “The state, as the party asserting that defendant’s
conduct … is separately punishable for purposes of ORS
161.067(3), bears the burden of adducing legally sufficient
evidence of the requisite sufficient pause.” State v. Nelson,

, 

 (2016) (internal quotation
marks omitted). “We are bound by the trial court’s findings
of fact—including the duration of a pause and what a defendant did during a pause—if there is constitutionally sufficient evidence in the record to support those findings.” 

“We review for legal error a trial court’s ultimate ruling that
a pause was sufficient to afford the defendant an opportunity renounce his criminal intent.” 

         Here, the trial court did not make any findings with
respect to the duration of any pause or what defendant may
have done during such a pause. The state contends that the
taking and possession crimes “do not overlap at all,” because
“the crime of killing the deer began and ended before the
crime of possessing the deer began” and “that pause was
sufficient to preclude merger because, in the space of that
pause, defendant was necessarily confronted with a dead
deer—an intervening event sufficient to give defendant an
opportunity to renounce any further criminal intent.” We
disagree; the evidence adduced by the state at trial and the
law do not support the state’s argument.
    1.   2016 Buck
         Based on the evidence of defendant’s taking and
possession of the 2016 buck, which, as noted, was entirely
derived from Andrews’s testimony and the state’s exhibits at
500                                            State v. Barton

trial, we conclude that the state failed to meet its burden of
adducing legally sufficient evidence of the requisite sufficient
pause. The state offered no evidence of a pause between the
taking and possession of the 2016 buck. Rather, it appears
that the state relies on an inference that the killing of the
buck necessarily had to be separated in time from defendant’s possession of the buck. But that inference is speculative, and it is not supported by the evidence or the law.
         The evidence offered by the state in the form of
defendant’s Facebook posts shows that defendant posted a
photograph holding two freshly severed deer legs and “what
appear[ed] to be some blood wiped on his face.” Andrews
“believe[d] that it was a picture … taken relatively soon
after the animal was taken.” Additionally, defendant posted
another picture of the same “four by six” buck skull with the
caption, “got this heavy horned four by six during rifle season,” shot it “through the back of the neck [and the bullet
came] out the front[,] … [h]e was bedded down,” I “slit his
throat to seal the deal and killed [him in] late October.” Thus,
the evidence offered by the state indicates that defendant
not only possessed the 2016 buck “relatively soon after the
animal was taken,” but also that defendant simultaneously
killed and reduced it to his possession when he slit its throat.
         Moreover, there is no evidence that defendant ever
relinquished his possession of the 2016 buck in a way that
would have created a sufficient pause in between his taking
and possession of the buck. We have repeatedly held, albeit
in different contexts, that the “fact of possession, for purposes of the criminal code, is a ‘criminal act of a continuing
nature.’ ” State v. Cantrell, 

, 

(2008) (quoting State v. Boyd, 

, 

(1975)); see Boyd, 

 (possession of a stolen
television and drugs); State v. Nunes, 

, 306-
07, 

 (2014) (possession of a firearm). We see no
reason to depart from that general rule in the context of
criminal violations for the possession of wildlife.
        Accordingly, we conclude that the state failed to
meet its burden of adducing legally sufficient evidence of
the requisite sufficient pause between defendant’s taking
and possession of the 2016 buck. Thus, the trial court erred
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when it concluded that ORS 161.067(3) precluded merger of
Counts 1 and 7.
     2. 2015 Buck
         The evidence adduced by the state with regard to
defendant’s taking and possession of the 2015 buck does
not show what occurred in between defendant’s taking and
possession of the buck—let alone that there was a sufficient
pause in between those acts. Moreover, as we touched on
above, the definitions of take and possess allow for those
two acts to occur simultaneously. “Take” is defined as “to
kill or obtain possession or control of any wildlife.” ORS
496.004(16). “Possession” is defined as “to have physical possession or to otherwise exercise dominion or control over any
wildlife or parts thereof.” OAR 635-045-0002(53) (emphasis
added). Contrary to the state’s assertion, physical possession is not required. Under the relevant definitions, the
“taking” could have been both the killing and the possession
of the 2015 buck, because the taking and possession could
have occurred as soon as defendant exercised dominion or
control over the buck by killing it. See, e.g., State v. Blake,

, 

 (2010) (concluding that a
defendant cannot commit the offense of first-degree forgery
without having sufficient control over the forged instrument
so as to be deemed in possession of it); State v. Haddon,

, 

 (2017) (concluding that
a person cannot fraudulently “use” a credit card under ORS
165.055 without also “possessing” it within the meaning
of the identity theft statute, ORS 165.800, and observing
that, “[w]hether a suspect had a credit card in his hand is
immaterial,” because “possession, in the context of the identity theft statute, includes both actual and constructive
possession”).
         Because the state did not adduce any evidence to
prove that defendant’s act of killing the 2015 buck did not
also involve defendant simultaneously possessing the buck,
or that there was any pause that separated those two acts,
we also conclude that the trial court erred when it ruled that
ORS 161.067(3) precluded merger of Counts 3 and 8.7
    7
      We do not foreclose the possibility that, under some circumstances, the
state could adduce sufficient evidence of a pause between a person’s taking of
502                                                       State v. Barton

                         III.    CONCLUSION
         The trial court erred when it concluded that ORS
161.067(1) and (3) precluded merger of Counts 1 and 7 and
Counts 3 and 8. Under the circumstances of this case, a
single conviction for defendant’s conduct of unlawfully taking the 2016 buck, and a single conviction for defendant’s
conduct of unlawfully taking the 2015 buck, “accurately
portray[s] the nature and extent of [defendant’s] conduct.”
Crotsley, 

.
         Convictions on Counts 1 and 7 reversed and
remanded for entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully
taking wildlife; convictions on Counts 3 and 8 reversed and
remanded for entry of conviction for one count of unlawfully taking wildlife; remanded for resentencing; otherwise
affirmed.




wildlife and that person’s possession of that wildlife to preclude merger under
ORS 161.067(3).