Definitions from Case Law

A ship-wright, indeed, who has taken a ship into his own possession to repair it, is not bound to part with the possession, until he is paid for the repairs, any more than any othe

Due process of law, as a historic and generative principle, precludes defining, and thereby confining, these standards of conduct more precisely than to say that convictions cannot

any material which has been spun into yarn, knit or woven into fabric, and subsequently cut up, torn up, broken up, or ground up.

the line of low-water mark along the mainland, while the term 'coast' denotes the line of the shore plus the line where inland waters meet the open sea.

shore leave is an elemental necessity in the sailing of ships, a part of the business as old as the art, not merely a personal diversion.

the land between ordinary high and low-water mark, the land over which the daily tides ebb and flow

As construed and applied in the present cause, this section prohibits the carrier from charging in respect of intrastate commerce more for a shorter haul than for a longer one over

a "[d]iseased condition; illness; [or] ill health," Webster's New International Dictionary 2329-2330 (2d ed. 1950), and I think that its companion must similarly be read to connote

The maxim, Sic utere tuo ut alienum non loedas, is as fully recognized in the jurisprudence of Arizona as it is elsewhere, and that was the maxim which governed the decision of thi

It was her duty, therefore, to show at night the usual signal light of a vessel at anchor — that is, a globe lamp, or one without any dark side to it, which could be seen from any

Signal lights are required by the act of Congress, in order that they may be seen by an approaching vessel in season to enable those in charge of her to ascertain and adopt the nec

a person which is or was a signatory to a coal wage agreement.

The force and effect to be given to instruments, which have for signatures only the ordinary marks of the parties to them, depend more upon rules of evidence, than the dicta of law

application for the Reserves, then the enlistment requirement of Rule 1622.13(f) 6 would not be satisfied and E. S. should have been called before petitioner.

When an officer authenticates his official act by affixing his initials he does not entirely omit to use his name; he simply abbreviates it; he uses a combination of letters which

the signature of the judge was not a matter of discretion. It followed as a necessary consequence of the judgment, unless the judgment had been set aside by a new trial. The act of

what you would expect—that Congress did not affrmatively confer such a right.

a search is a search by a federal official if he had a hand in it; it is not a search by a federal official if evidence secured by state authorities is turned over to the federal a

designed to safeguard the privacy of people, and to prevent seizure of their papers and property except in compliance with valid judicial process. As tersely stated in the Silverth

Where fraud in the purchase or sale of property is in issue, evidence of other frauds of like character committed by the same parties, at or near the same time, is admissible. Its

when Congress used the words 'similar paper,' it included within its prohibition an imitation or counterfeit of the genuine paper

each and every imported article, not enumerated in this act, which is similar, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerate

A simple blockade may be established by a naval officer, acting upon his own discretion or under direction of superiors, without governmental notification; while a public blockade

The master is not negligent in the case of defective simple tools because the possibility of injury from such tools is so slight as to impose no duty on him to see that they are fr

The one agreement cannot be taken to be several agreements and hence several conspiracies because it envisages the violation of several statutes rather than one.

The controlling criteria, set out and elaborated in Board decisions, are interrelation of operations, common management, centralized control of labor relations and common ownership

a single action by the shooter to initiate a firing sequence, including pulling a trigger and pushing forward on a bump-stock-equipped semiautomatic rifle.

those applicable over 'single lines of railway or over two or more lines under the same general management and control'.

Judgments recovered in one state of the Union, when proved in the courts of another, differ from the judgments recovered in a foreign country in no other respect than that of not b

It was not a mere quitting of work and statement of grievances in the exercise of pressure recognized as lawful. It was an illegal seizure of the buildings in order to prevent thei

Under such circumstances, land was not estimated by acres or arpens. A square league, or 'sitio de ganado mayor,' appears to have been the only unit in estimating the superficies o

[N]otes, bonds, and mortgages may acquire a situs at a place other than the domicile of the owner, and be there reached by the taxing authority.

Situs of an intangible is fictional but control over parties whose judicially coerced action can make effective rights created by the chose in action enables the court with such co

It is plain that bills and notes, whatever they may be called, come very near to identification with the contract that they embody. An indorsement of the paper carries the contract

The debt is where the bond is, being upon a specialty, but debt upon contract follows the person of the debtor; and this difference has been oftentimes agreed... debts due the test

bank deposits are mere credits, and for purposes of ad valorem taxation have situs at the domicile of the creditor only; the same general rule applies to negotiable bonds and notes

It is the fundamental contention of plaintiff in error that the personal estate of an intestate decedent is a legal unit, having its situs at the owner's domicil; that the title to

Personal property consisting of bonds, mortgages, and debts generally has no situs independent of the domicile of the owner, and certainly can have none where the instruments const

The ancient maxim which assigns to tangibles, as well as intangibles, the situs of the owner for purposes of taxation, has its foundation in the protection which the owner receives

We are satisfied that the State of California had no jurisdiction over these vessels for the purpose of taxation; they were not, properly, abiding within its limits, so as to becom

It is clear on the face of this text that it does not purport to confer power to levy income taxes in a generic sense,—an authority already possessed and never questioned,—or to li

the phrase 'sizes and weight' in § 225, when safety is concerned, is not to be narrowly limited to the overall length, width and height of the loaded cars and to their gross weight

The rulings, interpretations and opinions of the Administrator under this Act, while not controlling upon the courts by reason of their authority, do constitute a body of experienc

The sense in which words are received by the world, is the sense which Courts of Justice ought to ascribe to them, on the trial of actions for slander. Slander imports an injury; a

It would be a singular and a very extraordinary provision that a naval officer, or the collector of a tax, should be made the sole judge of the right of one individual to liberty,

something less than "involuntary servitude," I see no basis for reading the statute more narrowly than written.

The right of the plaintiff to liberty was supposed by the court to depend on the question of his being purchased in fact by a citizen of Illinois, and on his being carried to Illin

Slavery is the property which one man has in the labour of another, and the right to the custody and such limited use of the person of that other, as the particular laws allow.

The things denounced are slavery and involuntary servitude, and Congress is given power to enforce that denunciation. All understand by these terms a condition of enforced compulso

[W]e interpret this history, however, as demonstrating a congressional purpose to place a heavy tax on all 'slot-machine' gambling devices, regardless of their particular structure

a broad range of mutual benefits each family member receives from the others' continued existence, including love, affection, care, attention, companionship, comfort, and protectio

when two nations make war a common cause, they act as one body, and the war is called a society of war; they are so clearly and intimately connected, that the Jus Postliminii takes

By the 10th section of the act for the gradual abolition of slavery persons merely sojourning in this State have a right to retain their slaves for a term of six months; and the de

something more than 'travelling,' and applies to a temporary, as contradistinguished from a permanent, residence.

The grant of the statute (section 2306), ipso jure, vests a property right in the donee which he may exercise or sell and transfer. A property right, the ownership of which may be

something more than 'sold,' and can only mean a mortgage of the lands, I do not conceive to be just, but rather as sticking in the bark.

having no companion," "solitary," "being the only one," and "functioning .

Solely' leaves no leeway. Voting stock plus some other consideration does not meet the statutory requirement.

the very delicate, plenary and exclusive power of the President as the sole organ of the federal government in the field of international relations—a power which does not require a

Of course it is possible to solicit by letter as well as in person. It is equally clear that the person who writes the letter and intentionally puts it in the way of delivery solic

the Sherman Act does not prohibit two or more persons from associating together in an attempt to persuade the legislature or the executive to take particular action with respect to

a tax imposed upon the solicitation of interstate business is a tax upon interstate commerce itself

garbage, rubbish, ashes, incinerator ash, incinerator residue, street cleanings, municipal and industrial sludges, solid commercial and solid industrial waste, and animal waste oth

so near as actually to obstruct—and not merely near enough to threaten a possible obstruction.

The phrase 'so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice' connotes that the misbehavior must be in the vicinity of the court. 'Near' in this context, juxtaposed to

the standard mandated by our precedents—that the injury be "imminent," "Whitmore v. Arkansas," 495 U.S. 149 , 155, 110 S.Ct. 1717, 1723, 109 L.Ed.2d 135 (1990)—we are at a loss to

a discretion exercised not arbitrarily or willfully, but with regard to what is right and equitable under the circumstances and the law, and directed by the reason and conscience o

uranium and uranium ore.

the United States when sued as a contractor cannot be held liable for an obstruction to the performance of the particular contract resulting from its public and general acts as a s

there is attached to such ownership those limitations which public policy may require by reason of their quality as a legal tender and as a medium of exchange. These limitations ar

The presumption is an aid to consistent construction of statutes of the enacting sovereign when their purpose is in doubt, but it does not require that the aim of a statute fairly

A sovereign is exempt from suit, not because of any formal conception or obsolete theory, but on the logical and practical ground that there can be no legal right as against the au

statutes which in general terms divest pre-existing rights or privileges will not be applied to the sovereign without express words to that effect

the United States is not liable to interest except where it assumes the liability by contract or by the express words of a statute, or must pay it as part of the just compensation

It is not open to controversy that, aside from the existence of some exception, the government which the organic act established in Porto Rico is of such nature as to come within t

Those exceptions are (1) action by officers beyond their statutory powers and (2) even though within the scope of their authority, the powers themselves or the manner in which they

the sovereign is embraced by general words of a statute intended to prevent injury and wrong

A sovereign nation has exclusive jurisdiction to punish offenses against its laws committed within its borders, unless it expressly or impliedly consents to surrender its jurisdict

the sovereign authority of the country is not bound by the words of a statute unless named therein, if the statute tends to restrain or diminish the powers, rights, or interests of

It is a fair and reasonable demand on the part of a sovereign that the air over its territory should not be polluted on a great scale by sulphurous acid gas, that the forests on it

the rights of a sovereign state are vested in the state rather than in any particular government which may purport to represent it

The title to the soil under navigable waters is in the sovereign, except so far as private rights in it have been acquired by express grant or prescription. The dominion over navig

The very meaning of sovereignty is that the decree of the sovereign makes law.

All treaties, as well those for cessions of territory as for other purposes, are binding upon the contracting parties, unless when otherwise provided in them, from the day they are

Who is the sovereign, de jure or de facto, of a territory, is not a judicial but a political question, the determination of which by the legislative and executive departments of an

The sovereignty of a State extends to every thing which exists by its own authority or is introduced by its permission, but not to those means which are employed by Congress to car

By the conquest and military occupation of Castine, the enemy acquired that firm possession which enabled him to exercise the fullest rights of sovereignty over that place. The sov

such claimants 'were not regarded as owners of land, until the real title was delivered completed,' in the language of the Spanish regulation No. 18... No standing, therefore, in a

The policy of Spain was to make gratuitous grants for the purposes of settlement and inhabitation, and not for those of mere speculation. The grantee might have his land surveyed o

Shipowners at times maintain an extra or spare boat which is kept in reserve for the purpose of being utilized as a substitute in the contingency of damage to other vessels of the

anything in contradistinction to "regular," it would be in the sense of "special" as "relating to a single thing," and "regular" as "uniform in course, practice, or occurrence." We

The purpose of a special agency is a single transaction, or a transaction with designated persons. It does not leave to the agent any discretion as to the persons with whom he may

An increase in the value of the remaining portion of any parcel of land caused by its frontage on the widened river, carrying a right of immediate access to and use of the improved

in cases where complainant shows that in addition to the illegality of an exaction in the guise of a tax there exist special and extraordinary circumstances sufficient to bring the

In examining these questions, the Courts of Kentucky have universally and properly determined that all subordinate calls in an entry must yield to a principal call to which they ma

If the law is of such a character that there is no reasonable presumption that substantial justice generally will be done, but the probability is that the parties will be taxed dis

Public officers having custody of public money are nothing but bailees—to call them anything else, when they are expressly forbidden to touch or use the public money except as dire

The lower, 'special call price,' is the amount the issuer would pay if the bonds were redeemed with cash from certain specially designated funds.

The provisions of a special charter or a special authority derived from the legislature are not affected by general legislation on the subject. The two are to be deemed to stand to

the socioeconomic status of the applicant's family, the socioeconomic status of the applicant's school, the applicant's family responsibilities, whether the applicant lives in a si